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21.
Mozgai, Sharon; Kaurloto, Cari; Winn, Jade; Leeds, Andrew; Heylen, Dirk; Hartholt, Arno; Scherer, Stefan
Machine learning for semi-automated scoping reviews Journal Article
In: Intelligent Systems with Applications, vol. 19, pp. 200249, 2023, ISSN: 26673053.
@article{mozgai_machine_2023,
title = {Machine learning for semi-automated scoping reviews},
author = {Sharon Mozgai and Cari Kaurloto and Jade Winn and Andrew Leeds and Dirk Heylen and Arno Hartholt and Stefan Scherer},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667305323000741},
doi = {10.1016/j.iswa.2023.200249},
issn = {26673053},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-09-01},
urldate = {2023-08-23},
journal = {Intelligent Systems with Applications},
volume = {19},
pages = {200249},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
22.
Gainer, Alesia; Aptaker, Allison; Artstein, Ron; Cobbins, David; Core, Mark; Gordon, Carla; Leuski, Anton; Li, Zongjian; Merchant, Chirag; Nelson, David; Soleymani, Mohammad; Traum, David
DIVIS: Digital Interactive Victim Intake Simulator Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 1–2, ACM, Würzburg Germany, 2023, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9994-4.
@inproceedings{gainer_divis_2023,
title = {DIVIS: Digital Interactive Victim Intake Simulator},
author = {Alesia Gainer and Allison Aptaker and Ron Artstein and David Cobbins and Mark Core and Carla Gordon and Anton Leuski and Zongjian Li and Chirag Merchant and David Nelson and Mohammad Soleymani and David Traum},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3570945.3607328},
doi = {10.1145/3570945.3607328},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9994-4},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-09-01},
urldate = {2024-02-20},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {1–2},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Würzburg Germany},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
23.
Tran, Minh; Yin, Yufeng; Soleymani, Mohammad
Personalized Adaptation with Pre-trained Speech Encoders for Continuous Emotion Recognition Proceedings Article
In: INTERSPEECH 2023, pp. 636–640, ISCA, 2023.
@inproceedings{tran_personalized_2023,
title = {Personalized Adaptation with Pre-trained Speech Encoders for Continuous Emotion Recognition},
author = {Minh Tran and Yufeng Yin and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/interspeech_2023/tran23c_interspeech.html},
doi = {10.21437/Interspeech.2023-2170},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-08-01},
urldate = {2023-08-23},
booktitle = {INTERSPEECH 2023},
pages = {636–640},
publisher = {ISCA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
24.
Kappas, Arvid; Gratch, Jonathan
These Aren’t The Droids You Are Looking for: Promises and Challenges for the Intersection of Affective Science and Robotics/AI Journal Article
In: Affec Sci, 2023, ISSN: 2662-2041, 2662-205X.
@article{kappas_these_2023,
title = {These Aren’t The Droids You Are Looking for: Promises and Challenges for the Intersection of Affective Science and Robotics/AI},
author = {Arvid Kappas and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s42761-023-00211-3},
doi = {10.1007/s42761-023-00211-3},
issn = {2662-2041, 2662-205X},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-08-01},
urldate = {2023-09-20},
journal = {Affec Sci},
abstract = {Abstract
AI research focused on interactions with humans, particularly in the form of robots or virtual agents, has expanded in the last two decades to include concepts related to affective processes. Affective computing is an emerging field that deals with issues such as how the diagnosis of affective states of users can be used to improve such interactions, also with a view to demonstrate affective behavior towards the user. This type of research often is based on two beliefs: (1) artificial emotional intelligence will improve human computer interaction (or more specifically human robot interaction), and (2) we understand the role of affective behavior in human interaction sufficiently to tell artificial systems what to do. However, within affective science the focus of research is often to test a particular assumption, such as “smiles affect liking.” Such focus does not provide the information necessary to synthesize affective behavior in long dynamic and real-time interactions. In consequence, theories do not play a large role in the development of artificial affective systems by engineers, but self-learning systems develop their behavior out of large corpora of recorded interactions. The status quo is characterized by measurement issues, theoretical lacunae regarding prevalence and functions of affective behavior in interaction, and underpowered studies that cannot provide the solid empirical foundation for further theoretical developments. This contribution will highlight some of these challenges and point towards next steps to create a rapprochement between engineers and affective scientists with a view to improving theory and solid applications.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract
AI research focused on interactions with humans, particularly in the form of robots or virtual agents, has expanded in the last two decades to include concepts related to affective processes. Affective computing is an emerging field that deals with issues such as how the diagnosis of affective states of users can be used to improve such interactions, also with a view to demonstrate affective behavior towards the user. This type of research often is based on two beliefs: (1) artificial emotional intelligence will improve human computer interaction (or more specifically human robot interaction), and (2) we understand the role of affective behavior in human interaction sufficiently to tell artificial systems what to do. However, within affective science the focus of research is often to test a particular assumption, such as “smiles affect liking.” Such focus does not provide the information necessary to synthesize affective behavior in long dynamic and real-time interactions. In consequence, theories do not play a large role in the development of artificial affective systems by engineers, but self-learning systems develop their behavior out of large corpora of recorded interactions. The status quo is characterized by measurement issues, theoretical lacunae regarding prevalence and functions of affective behavior in interaction, and underpowered studies that cannot provide the solid empirical foundation for further theoretical developments. This contribution will highlight some of these challenges and point towards next steps to create a rapprochement between engineers and affective scientists with a view to improving theory and solid applications.
AI research focused on interactions with humans, particularly in the form of robots or virtual agents, has expanded in the last two decades to include concepts related to affective processes. Affective computing is an emerging field that deals with issues such as how the diagnosis of affective states of users can be used to improve such interactions, also with a view to demonstrate affective behavior towards the user. This type of research often is based on two beliefs: (1) artificial emotional intelligence will improve human computer interaction (or more specifically human robot interaction), and (2) we understand the role of affective behavior in human interaction sufficiently to tell artificial systems what to do. However, within affective science the focus of research is often to test a particular assumption, such as “smiles affect liking.” Such focus does not provide the information necessary to synthesize affective behavior in long dynamic and real-time interactions. In consequence, theories do not play a large role in the development of artificial affective systems by engineers, but self-learning systems develop their behavior out of large corpora of recorded interactions. The status quo is characterized by measurement issues, theoretical lacunae regarding prevalence and functions of affective behavior in interaction, and underpowered studies that cannot provide the solid empirical foundation for further theoretical developments. This contribution will highlight some of these challenges and point towards next steps to create a rapprochement between engineers and affective scientists with a view to improving theory and solid applications.
25.
Chang, Di; Yin, Yufeng; Li, Zongjian; Tran, Minh; Soleymani, Mohammad
LibreFace: An Open-Source Toolkit for Deep Facial Expression Analysis Miscellaneous
2023, (arXiv:2308.10713 [cs]).
@misc{chang_libreface_2023,
title = {LibreFace: An Open-Source Toolkit for Deep Facial Expression Analysis},
author = {Di Chang and Yufeng Yin and Zongjian Li and Minh Tran and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.10713},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-08-01},
urldate = {2024-02-21},
publisher = {arXiv},
abstract = {Facial expression analysis is an important tool for human-computer interaction. In this paper, we introduce LibreFace, an open-source toolkit for facial expression analysis. This open-source toolbox offers real-time and offline analysis of facial behavior through deep learning models, including facial action unit (AU) detection, AU intensity estimation, and facial expression recognition. To accomplish this, we employ several techniques, including the utilization of a large-scale pre-trained network, feature-wise knowledge distillation, and task-specific fine-tuning. These approaches are designed to effectively and accurately analyze facial expressions by leveraging visual information, thereby facilitating the implementation of real-time interactive applications. In terms of Action Unit (AU) intensity estimation, we achieve a Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) of 0.63 on DISFA, which is 7% higher than the performance of OpenFace 2.0 while maintaining highly-efficient inference that runs two times faster than OpenFace 2.0. Despite being compact, our model also demonstrates competitive performance to state-of-the-art facial expression analysis methods on AffecNet, FFHQ, and RAF-DB. Our code will be released at https://github.com/ihp-lab/LibreFace},
note = {arXiv:2308.10713 [cs]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Facial expression analysis is an important tool for human-computer interaction. In this paper, we introduce LibreFace, an open-source toolkit for facial expression analysis. This open-source toolbox offers real-time and offline analysis of facial behavior through deep learning models, including facial action unit (AU) detection, AU intensity estimation, and facial expression recognition. To accomplish this, we employ several techniques, including the utilization of a large-scale pre-trained network, feature-wise knowledge distillation, and task-specific fine-tuning. These approaches are designed to effectively and accurately analyze facial expressions by leveraging visual information, thereby facilitating the implementation of real-time interactive applications. In terms of Action Unit (AU) intensity estimation, we achieve a Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) of 0.63 on DISFA, which is 7% higher than the performance of OpenFace 2.0 while maintaining highly-efficient inference that runs two times faster than OpenFace 2.0. Despite being compact, our model also demonstrates competitive performance to state-of-the-art facial expression analysis methods on AffecNet, FFHQ, and RAF-DB. Our code will be released at https://github.com/ihp-lab/LibreFace
26.
Yin, Yufeng; Chang, Di; Song, Guoxian; Sang, Shen; Zhi, Tiancheng; Liu, Jing; Luo, Linjie; Soleymani, Mohammad
FG-Net: Facial Action Unit Detection with Generalizable Pyramidal Features Miscellaneous
2023, (arXiv:2308.12380 [cs]).
@misc{yin_fg-net_2023,
title = {FG-Net: Facial Action Unit Detection with Generalizable Pyramidal Features},
author = {Yufeng Yin and Di Chang and Guoxian Song and Shen Sang and Tiancheng Zhi and Jing Liu and Linjie Luo and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.12380},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-08-01},
urldate = {2024-02-21},
publisher = {arXiv},
abstract = {Automatic detection of facial Action Units (AUs) allows for objective facial expression analysis. Due to the high cost of AU labeling and the limited size of existing benchmarks, previous AU detection methods tend to overfit the dataset, resulting in a significant performance loss when evaluated across corpora. To address this problem, we propose FG-Net for generalizable facial action unit detection. Specifically, FG-Net extracts feature maps from a StyleGAN2 model pre-trained on a large and diverse face image dataset. Then, these features are used to detect AUs with a Pyramid CNN Interpreter, making the training efficient and capturing essential local features. The proposed FG-Net achieves a strong generalization ability for heatmap-based AU detection thanks to the generalizable and semantic-rich features extracted from the pre-trained generative model. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate within- and cross-corpus AU detection with the widely-used DISFA and BP4D datasets. Compared with the state-of-the-art, the proposed method achieves superior cross-domain performance while maintaining competitive within-domain performance. In addition, FG-Net is data-efficient and achieves competitive performance even when trained on 1000 samples. Our code will be released at textbackslashurlhttps://github.com/ihp-lab/FG-Net},
note = {arXiv:2308.12380 [cs]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Automatic detection of facial Action Units (AUs) allows for objective facial expression analysis. Due to the high cost of AU labeling and the limited size of existing benchmarks, previous AU detection methods tend to overfit the dataset, resulting in a significant performance loss when evaluated across corpora. To address this problem, we propose FG-Net for generalizable facial action unit detection. Specifically, FG-Net extracts feature maps from a StyleGAN2 model pre-trained on a large and diverse face image dataset. Then, these features are used to detect AUs with a Pyramid CNN Interpreter, making the training efficient and capturing essential local features. The proposed FG-Net achieves a strong generalization ability for heatmap-based AU detection thanks to the generalizable and semantic-rich features extracted from the pre-trained generative model. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate within- and cross-corpus AU detection with the widely-used DISFA and BP4D datasets. Compared with the state-of-the-art, the proposed method achieves superior cross-domain performance while maintaining competitive within-domain performance. In addition, FG-Net is data-efficient and achieves competitive performance even when trained on 1000 samples. Our code will be released at textbackslashurlhttps://github.com/ihp-lab/FG-Net
27.
Rodrigues, Patrick B.; Singh, Rashmi; Oytun, Mert; Adami, Pooya; Woods, Peter J.; Becerik-Gerber, Burcin; Soibelman, Lucio; Copur-Gencturk, Yasemin; Lucas, Gale M.
A multidimensional taxonomy for human-robot interaction in construction Journal Article
In: Automation in Construction, vol. 150, pp. 104845, 2023, ISSN: 0926-5805.
@article{rodrigues_multidimensional_2023,
title = {A multidimensional taxonomy for human-robot interaction in construction},
author = {Patrick B. Rodrigues and Rashmi Singh and Mert Oytun and Pooya Adami and Peter J. Woods and Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Lucio Soibelman and Yasemin Copur-Gencturk and Gale M. Lucas},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092658052300105X},
doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2023.104845},
issn = {0926-5805},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-06-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Automation in Construction},
volume = {150},
pages = {104845},
abstract = {Despite the increased interest in construction robotics both in academia and the industry, insufficient attention has been given to aspects related to Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Characterizing HRI for construction tasks can help researchers organize knowledge in a structured manner that allows for classifying construction robotics applications and comparing and benchmarking different studies. This paper builds upon existing taxonomies and empirical studies in HRI in various industries (e.g., construction, manufacturing, and military, among others) to propose a multidimensional taxonomy to characterize HRI applications in the construction industry. The taxonomy design followed a systematic literature review in which common themes were identified and grouped into 16 categories. The proposed taxonomy can be used as a foundation for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of HRI applications in construction and can benefit the construction industry by informing the design of collaborative tasks performed by human-robot teams.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Despite the increased interest in construction robotics both in academia and the industry, insufficient attention has been given to aspects related to Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Characterizing HRI for construction tasks can help researchers organize knowledge in a structured manner that allows for classifying construction robotics applications and comparing and benchmarking different studies. This paper builds upon existing taxonomies and empirical studies in HRI in various industries (e.g., construction, manufacturing, and military, among others) to propose a multidimensional taxonomy to characterize HRI applications in the construction industry. The taxonomy design followed a systematic literature review in which common themes were identified and grouped into 16 categories. The proposed taxonomy can be used as a foundation for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of HRI applications in construction and can benefit the construction industry by informing the design of collaborative tasks performed by human-robot teams.
28.
Tran, Minh; Soleymani, Mohammad
A Speech Representation Anonymization Framework via Selective Noise Perturbation Proceedings Article
In: ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 1–5, IEEE, Rhodes Island, Greece, 2023, ISBN: 978-1-72816-327-7.
@inproceedings{tran_speech_2023,
title = {A Speech Representation Anonymization Framework via Selective Noise Perturbation},
author = {Minh Tran and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10095173/},
doi = {10.1109/ICASSP49357.2023.10095173},
isbn = {978-1-72816-327-7},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-06-01},
urldate = {2023-08-23},
booktitle = {ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
pages = {1–5},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Rhodes Island, Greece},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
29.
Leitner, Maxyn; Greenwald, Eric; Wang, Ning; Montgomery, Ryan; Merchant, Chirag
Designing Game-Based Learning for High School Artificial Intelligence Education Journal Article
In: Int J Artif Intell Educ, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 384–398, 2023, ISSN: 1560-4292, 1560-4306.
@article{leitner_designing_2023,
title = {Designing Game-Based Learning for High School Artificial Intelligence Education},
author = {Maxyn Leitner and Eric Greenwald and Ning Wang and Ryan Montgomery and Chirag Merchant},
url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40593-022-00327-w},
doi = {10.1007/s40593-022-00327-w},
issn = {1560-4292, 1560-4306},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-06-01},
urldate = {2023-09-20},
journal = {Int J Artif Intell Educ},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {384–398},
abstract = {Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) permeates every aspect of our daily lives and is no longer a subject reserved for a select few in higher education but is essential knowledge that our youth need for the future. Much is unknown about the level of AI knowledge that is age and developmentally appropriate for high school, let alone about how to teach AI to even younger learners. In this theoretical paper, we discuss the design of a game-based learning environment for high school AI education, drawing upon insights gained from a prior cognitive interview study at a STEM focused private high school. We argue that game-based learning is an excellent fit for AI education due to the commonality of problem solving in both game playing and AI.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) permeates every aspect of our daily lives and is no longer a subject reserved for a select few in higher education but is essential knowledge that our youth need for the future. Much is unknown about the level of AI knowledge that is age and developmentally appropriate for high school, let alone about how to teach AI to even younger learners. In this theoretical paper, we discuss the design of a game-based learning environment for high school AI education, drawing upon insights gained from a prior cognitive interview study at a STEM focused private high school. We argue that game-based learning is an excellent fit for AI education due to the commonality of problem solving in both game playing and AI.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) permeates every aspect of our daily lives and is no longer a subject reserved for a select few in higher education but is essential knowledge that our youth need for the future. Much is unknown about the level of AI knowledge that is age and developmentally appropriate for high school, let alone about how to teach AI to even younger learners. In this theoretical paper, we discuss the design of a game-based learning environment for high school AI education, drawing upon insights gained from a prior cognitive interview study at a STEM focused private high school. We argue that game-based learning is an excellent fit for AI education due to the commonality of problem solving in both game playing and AI.
30.
Aris, Timothy; Ustun, Volkan; Kumar, Rajay
Learning to Take Cover with Navigation-Based Waypoints via Reinforcement Learning Journal Article
In: FLAIRS, vol. 36, 2023, ISSN: 2334-0762.
@article{aris_learning_2023,
title = {Learning to Take Cover with Navigation-Based Waypoints via Reinforcement Learning},
author = {Timothy Aris and Volkan Ustun and Rajay Kumar},
url = {https://journals.flvc.org/FLAIRS/article/view/133348},
doi = {10.32473/flairs.36.133348},
issn = {2334-0762},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-05-01},
urldate = {2023-08-04},
journal = {FLAIRS},
volume = {36},
abstract = {This paper presents a reinforcement learning model designed to learn how to take cover on geo-specific terrains, an essential behavior component for military training simulations. Training of the models is performed on the Rapid Integration and Development Environment (RIDE) leveraging the Unity ML-Agents framework. This work expands on previous work on raycast-based agents by increasing the number of enemies from one to three. We demonstrate an automated way of generating training and testing data within geo-specific terrains. We show that replacing the action space with a more abstracted, navmesh-based waypoint movement system can increase the generality and success rate of the models while providing similar results to our previous paper's results regarding retraining across terrains. We also comprehensively evaluate the differences between these and the previous models. Finally, we show that incorporating pixels into the model's input can increase performance at the cost of longer training times.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper presents a reinforcement learning model designed to learn how to take cover on geo-specific terrains, an essential behavior component for military training simulations. Training of the models is performed on the Rapid Integration and Development Environment (RIDE) leveraging the Unity ML-Agents framework. This work expands on previous work on raycast-based agents by increasing the number of enemies from one to three. We demonstrate an automated way of generating training and testing data within geo-specific terrains. We show that replacing the action space with a more abstracted, navmesh-based waypoint movement system can increase the generality and success rate of the models while providing similar results to our previous paper's results regarding retraining across terrains. We also comprehensively evaluate the differences between these and the previous models. Finally, we show that incorporating pixels into the model's input can increase performance at the cost of longer training times.
31.
Murawski, Alaine; Ramirez-Zohfeld, Vanessa; Schierer, Allison; Olvera, Charles; Mell, Johnathan; Gratch, Jonathan; Brett, Jeanne; Lindquist, Lee A.
Transforming a Negotiation Framework to Resolve Conflicts among Older Adults and Family Caregivers Journal Article
In: Geriatrics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 36, 2023, ISSN: 2308-3417, (Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute).
@article{murawski_transforming_2023,
title = {Transforming a Negotiation Framework to Resolve Conflicts among Older Adults and Family Caregivers},
author = {Alaine Murawski and Vanessa Ramirez-Zohfeld and Allison Schierer and Charles Olvera and Johnathan Mell and Jonathan Gratch and Jeanne Brett and Lee A. Lindquist},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3417/8/2/36},
doi = {10.3390/geriatrics8020036},
issn = {2308-3417},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-04-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Geriatrics},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {36},
abstract = {Background: Family caregivers of older people with Alzheimer’s dementia (PWD) often need to advocate and resolve health-related conflicts (e.g., determining treatment necessity, billing errors, and home health extensions). As they deal with these health system conflicts, family caregivers experience unnecessary frustration, anxiety, and stress. The goal of this research was to apply a negotiation framework to resolve real-world family caregiver–older adult conflicts. Methods: We convened an interdisciplinary team of national community-based family caregivers, social workers, geriatricians, and negotiation experts (n = 9; Illinois, Florida, New York, and California) to examine the applicability of negotiation and conflict management frameworks to three older adult–caregiver conflicts (i.e., caregiver–older adult, caregiver–provider, and caregiver–caregiver). The panel of caregivers provided scenarios and dialogue describing conflicts they experienced in these three settings. A qualitative analysis was then performed grouping the responses into a framework matrix. Results: Upon presenting the three conflicts to the caregivers, 96 responses (caregiver–senior), 75 responses (caregiver–caregiver), and 80 responses (caregiver–provider) were generated. A thematic analysis showed that the statements and responses fit the interest–rights–power (IRP) negotiation framework. Discussion: The interests–rights–power (IRP) framework, used in business negotiations, provided insight into how caregivers experienced conflict with older adults, providers, and other caregivers. Future research is needed to examine applying the IRP framework in the training of caregivers of older people with Alzheimer’s dementia.},
note = {Number: 2
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: Family caregivers of older people with Alzheimer’s dementia (PWD) often need to advocate and resolve health-related conflicts (e.g., determining treatment necessity, billing errors, and home health extensions). As they deal with these health system conflicts, family caregivers experience unnecessary frustration, anxiety, and stress. The goal of this research was to apply a negotiation framework to resolve real-world family caregiver–older adult conflicts. Methods: We convened an interdisciplinary team of national community-based family caregivers, social workers, geriatricians, and negotiation experts (n = 9; Illinois, Florida, New York, and California) to examine the applicability of negotiation and conflict management frameworks to three older adult–caregiver conflicts (i.e., caregiver–older adult, caregiver–provider, and caregiver–caregiver). The panel of caregivers provided scenarios and dialogue describing conflicts they experienced in these three settings. A qualitative analysis was then performed grouping the responses into a framework matrix. Results: Upon presenting the three conflicts to the caregivers, 96 responses (caregiver–senior), 75 responses (caregiver–caregiver), and 80 responses (caregiver–provider) were generated. A thematic analysis showed that the statements and responses fit the interest–rights–power (IRP) negotiation framework. Discussion: The interests–rights–power (IRP) framework, used in business negotiations, provided insight into how caregivers experienced conflict with older adults, providers, and other caregivers. Future research is needed to examine applying the IRP framework in the training of caregivers of older people with Alzheimer’s dementia.
32.
Gratch, Jonathan
The promise and peril of interactive embodied agents for studying non-verbal communication: a machine learning perspective Journal Article
In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 378, no. 1875, pp. 20210475, 2023, (Publisher: Royal Society).
@article{gratch_promise_2023,
title = {The promise and peril of interactive embodied agents for studying non-verbal communication: a machine learning perspective},
author = {Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rstb.2021.0475},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2021.0475},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-03-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
volume = {378},
number = {1875},
pages = {20210475},
abstract = {In face-to-face interactions, parties rapidly react and adapt to each other's words, movements and expressions. Any science of face-to-face interaction must develop approaches to hypothesize and rigorously test mechanisms that explain such interdependent behaviour. Yet conventional experimental designs often sacrifice interactivity to establish experimental control. Interactive virtual and robotic agents have been offered as a way to study true interactivity while enforcing a measure of experimental control by allowing participants to interact with realistic but carefully controlled partners. But as researchers increasingly turn to machine learning to add realism to such agents, they may unintentionally distort the very interactivity they seek to illuminate, particularly when investigating the role of non-verbal signals such as emotion or active-listening behaviours. Here I discuss some of the methodological challenges that may arise when machine learning is used to model the behaviour of interaction partners. By articulating and explicitly considering these commitments, researchers can transform ‘unintentional distortions’ into valuable methodological tools that yield new insights and better contextualize existing experimental findings that rely on learning technology.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Face2face: advancing the science of social interaction’.},
note = {Publisher: Royal Society},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In face-to-face interactions, parties rapidly react and adapt to each other's words, movements and expressions. Any science of face-to-face interaction must develop approaches to hypothesize and rigorously test mechanisms that explain such interdependent behaviour. Yet conventional experimental designs often sacrifice interactivity to establish experimental control. Interactive virtual and robotic agents have been offered as a way to study true interactivity while enforcing a measure of experimental control by allowing participants to interact with realistic but carefully controlled partners. But as researchers increasingly turn to machine learning to add realism to such agents, they may unintentionally distort the very interactivity they seek to illuminate, particularly when investigating the role of non-verbal signals such as emotion or active-listening behaviours. Here I discuss some of the methodological challenges that may arise when machine learning is used to model the behaviour of interaction partners. By articulating and explicitly considering these commitments, researchers can transform ‘unintentional distortions’ into valuable methodological tools that yield new insights and better contextualize existing experimental findings that rely on learning technology.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Face2face: advancing the science of social interaction’.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Face2face: advancing the science of social interaction’.
33.
Awada, Mohamad; Becerik-Gerber, Burcin; Liu, Ruying; Seyedrezaei, Mirmahdi; Lu, Zheng; Xenakis, Matheos; Lucas, Gale; Roll, Shawn C.; Narayanan, Shrikanth
Ten questions concerning the impact of environmental stress on office workers Journal Article
In: Building and Environment, vol. 229, pp. 109964, 2023, ISSN: 0360-1323.
@article{awada_ten_2023,
title = {Ten questions concerning the impact of environmental stress on office workers},
author = {Mohamad Awada and Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Ruying Liu and Mirmahdi Seyedrezaei and Zheng Lu and Matheos Xenakis and Gale Lucas and Shawn C. Roll and Shrikanth Narayanan},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132322011945},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109964},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-02-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {229},
pages = {109964},
abstract = {We regularly face stress during our everyday activities, to the extent that stress is recognized by the World Health Organization as the epidemic of the 21st century. Stress is how humans respond physically and psychologically to adjustments, experiences, conditions, and circumstances in their lives. While there are many reasons for stress, work and job pressure remain the main cause. Thus, companies are increasingly interested in creating healthier, more comfortable, and stress-free offices for their workers. The indoor environment can induce environmental stress when it cannot satisfy the individual needs for health and comfort. In fact, office environmental conditions (e.g., thermal, and indoor air conditions, lighting, and noise) and interior design parameters (e.g., office layout, colors, furniture, access to views, distance to window, personal control and biophilic design) have been found to affect office workers' stress levels. A line of research based on the stress recovery theory offers new insights for establishing offices that limit environmental stress and help with work stress recovery. To that end, this paper answers ten questions that explore the relation between the indoor office-built environment and stress levels among workers. The answers to the ten questions are based on an extensive literature review to draw conclusions from what has been achieved to date. Thus, this study presents a foundation for future environmental stress related research in offices.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We regularly face stress during our everyday activities, to the extent that stress is recognized by the World Health Organization as the epidemic of the 21st century. Stress is how humans respond physically and psychologically to adjustments, experiences, conditions, and circumstances in their lives. While there are many reasons for stress, work and job pressure remain the main cause. Thus, companies are increasingly interested in creating healthier, more comfortable, and stress-free offices for their workers. The indoor environment can induce environmental stress when it cannot satisfy the individual needs for health and comfort. In fact, office environmental conditions (e.g., thermal, and indoor air conditions, lighting, and noise) and interior design parameters (e.g., office layout, colors, furniture, access to views, distance to window, personal control and biophilic design) have been found to affect office workers' stress levels. A line of research based on the stress recovery theory offers new insights for establishing offices that limit environmental stress and help with work stress recovery. To that end, this paper answers ten questions that explore the relation between the indoor office-built environment and stress levels among workers. The answers to the ten questions are based on an extensive literature review to draw conclusions from what has been achieved to date. Thus, this study presents a foundation for future environmental stress related research in offices.
34.
Adami, Pooya; Singh, Rashmi; Rodrigues, Patrick Borges; Becerik-Gerber, Burcin; Soibelman, Lucio; Copur-Gencturk, Yasemin; Lucas, Gale
In: Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 55, pp. 101837, 2023, ISSN: 1474-0346.
@article{adami_participants_2023,
title = {Participants matter: Effectiveness of VR-based training on the knowledge, trust in the robot, and self-efficacy of construction workers and university students},
author = {Pooya Adami and Rashmi Singh and Patrick Borges Rodrigues and Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Lucio Soibelman and Yasemin Copur-Gencturk and Gale Lucas},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474034622002956},
doi = {10.1016/j.aei.2022.101837},
issn = {1474-0346},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Advanced Engineering Informatics},
volume = {55},
pages = {101837},
abstract = {Virtual Reality (VR)-based training has gained attention from the scientific community in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry as a cost-effective and safe method that eliminates the safety risks that may impose on workers during the training compared to traditional training methods (e.g., in-person hands-on training, apprenticeship). Although researchers have developed VR-based training for construction workers, some have recruited students rather than workers to understand the effect of their VR-based training. However, students are different from construction workers in many ways, which can threaten the validity of such studies. Hence, research is needed to investigate the extent to which the findings of a VR-based training study are contingent on whether students or construction workers were used as the study sample. This paper strives to compare the effectiveness of VR-based training on university students’ and construction workers’ knowledge acquisition, trust in the robot, and robot operation self-efficacy in remote operation of a construction robot. Twenty-five construction workers and twenty-five graduate construction engineering students were recruited to complete a VR-based training for remote operating a demolition robot. We used quantitative analyses to answer our research questions. Our study shows that the results are dependent on the target sample in that students gained more knowledge, whereas construction workers gained more trust in the robot and more self-efficacy in robot operation. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of VR-based training on students may not necessarily associate with its effectiveness on construction workers.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Virtual Reality (VR)-based training has gained attention from the scientific community in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry as a cost-effective and safe method that eliminates the safety risks that may impose on workers during the training compared to traditional training methods (e.g., in-person hands-on training, apprenticeship). Although researchers have developed VR-based training for construction workers, some have recruited students rather than workers to understand the effect of their VR-based training. However, students are different from construction workers in many ways, which can threaten the validity of such studies. Hence, research is needed to investigate the extent to which the findings of a VR-based training study are contingent on whether students or construction workers were used as the study sample. This paper strives to compare the effectiveness of VR-based training on university students’ and construction workers’ knowledge acquisition, trust in the robot, and robot operation self-efficacy in remote operation of a construction robot. Twenty-five construction workers and twenty-five graduate construction engineering students were recruited to complete a VR-based training for remote operating a demolition robot. We used quantitative analyses to answer our research questions. Our study shows that the results are dependent on the target sample in that students gained more knowledge, whereas construction workers gained more trust in the robot and more self-efficacy in robot operation. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of VR-based training on students may not necessarily associate with its effectiveness on construction workers.
35.
Lucas, Gale M.; Mell, Johnathan; Boberg, Jill; Zenone, Forrest; Visser, Ewart J.; Tossell, Chad; Seech, Todd
Customizing virtual interpersonal skills training applications may not improve trainee performance Journal Article
In: Sci Rep, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 78, 2023, ISSN: 2045-2322, (Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group).
@article{lucas_customizing_2023,
title = {Customizing virtual interpersonal skills training applications may not improve trainee performance},
author = {Gale M. Lucas and Johnathan Mell and Jill Boberg and Forrest Zenone and Ewart J. Visser and Chad Tossell and Todd Seech},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-27154-2},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-27154-2},
issn = {2045-2322},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Sci Rep},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {78},
abstract = {While some theoretical perspectives imply that the context of a virtual training should be customized to match the intended context where those skills would ultimately be applied, others suggest this might not be necessary for learning. It is important to determine whether manipulating context matters for performance in training applications because customized virtual training systems made for specific use cases are more costly than generic “off-the-shelf” ones designed for a broader set of users. Accordingly, we report a study where military cadets use a virtual platform to practice their negotiation skills, and are randomly assigned to one of two virtual context conditions: military versus civilian. Out of 28 measures capturing performance in the negotiation, there was only one significant result: cadets in the civilian condition politely ask the agent to make an offer significantly more than those in the military condition. These results imply that—for this interpersonal skills application, and perhaps ones like it—virtual context may matter very little for performance during social skills training, and that commercial systems may yield real benefits to military scenarios with little-to-no modification.},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While some theoretical perspectives imply that the context of a virtual training should be customized to match the intended context where those skills would ultimately be applied, others suggest this might not be necessary for learning. It is important to determine whether manipulating context matters for performance in training applications because customized virtual training systems made for specific use cases are more costly than generic “off-the-shelf” ones designed for a broader set of users. Accordingly, we report a study where military cadets use a virtual platform to practice their negotiation skills, and are randomly assigned to one of two virtual context conditions: military versus civilian. Out of 28 measures capturing performance in the negotiation, there was only one significant result: cadets in the civilian condition politely ask the agent to make an offer significantly more than those in the military condition. These results imply that—for this interpersonal skills application, and perhaps ones like it—virtual context may matter very little for performance during social skills training, and that commercial systems may yield real benefits to military scenarios with little-to-no modification.
36.
Lei, Su; Gratch, Jonathan
Emotional Expressivity is a Reliable Signal of Surprise Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, pp. 1–12, 2023, ISSN: 1949-3045, (Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing).
@article{lei_emotional_2023,
title = {Emotional Expressivity is a Reliable Signal of Surprise},
author = {Su Lei and Jonathan Gratch},
doi = {10.1109/TAFFC.2023.3234015},
issn = {1949-3045},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
pages = {1–12},
abstract = {We consider the problem of inferring what happened to a person in a social task from momentary facial reactions. To approach this, we introduce several innovations. First, rather than predicting what (observers think) someone feels, we predict objective features of the event that immediately preceded the facial reactions. Second, we draw on appraisal theory, a key psychological theory of emotion, to characterize features of this immediately-preceded event. Specifically, we explore if facial expressions reveal if the event is expected, goal-congruent, and norm-compatible. Finally, we argue that emotional expressivity serves as a better feature for characterizing momentary expressions than traditional facial features. Specifically, we use supervised machine learning to predict third-party judgments of emotional expressivity with high accuracy, and show this model improves inferences about the nature of the event that preceded an emotional reaction. Contrary to common sense, “genuine smiles” failed to predict if an event advanced a person's goals. Rather, expressions best revealed if an event violated expectations. We discussed the implications of these findings for the interpretation of facial displays and potential limitations that could impact the generality of these findings.},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We consider the problem of inferring what happened to a person in a social task from momentary facial reactions. To approach this, we introduce several innovations. First, rather than predicting what (observers think) someone feels, we predict objective features of the event that immediately preceded the facial reactions. Second, we draw on appraisal theory, a key psychological theory of emotion, to characterize features of this immediately-preceded event. Specifically, we explore if facial expressions reveal if the event is expected, goal-congruent, and norm-compatible. Finally, we argue that emotional expressivity serves as a better feature for characterizing momentary expressions than traditional facial features. Specifically, we use supervised machine learning to predict third-party judgments of emotional expressivity with high accuracy, and show this model improves inferences about the nature of the event that preceded an emotional reaction. Contrary to common sense, “genuine smiles” failed to predict if an event advanced a person's goals. Rather, expressions best revealed if an event violated expectations. We discussed the implications of these findings for the interpretation of facial displays and potential limitations that could impact the generality of these findings.
37.
Chawla, Kushal; Clever, Rene; Ramirez, Jaysa; Lucas, Gale M.; Gratch, Jonathan
Towards Emotion-Aware Agents for Improved User Satisfaction and Partner Perception in Negotiation Dialogues Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, pp. 1–12, 2023, ISSN: 1949-3045, (Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing).
@article{chawla_towards_2023,
title = {Towards Emotion-Aware Agents for Improved User Satisfaction and Partner Perception in Negotiation Dialogues},
author = {Kushal Chawla and Rene Clever and Jaysa Ramirez and Gale M. Lucas and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10021626},
doi = {10.1109/TAFFC.2023.3238007},
issn = {1949-3045},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
pages = {1–12},
abstract = {Negotiation is a complex social interaction that encapsulates emotional encounters in human decision-making. Virtual agents that can negotiate with humans by the means of language are useful in pedagogy and conversational AI. To advance the development of such agents, we explore the role of emotion in the prediction of two important subjective goals in a negotiation – outcome satisfaction and partner perception. We devise ways to measure and compare different degrees of emotion expression in negotiation dialogues, consisting of emoticon, lexical, and contextual variables. Through an extensive analysis of a large-scale dataset in chat-based negotiations, we find that incorporating emotion expression explains significantly more variance, above and beyond the demographics and personality traits of the participants. Further, our temporal analysis reveals that emotive information from both early and later stages of the negotiation contributes to this prediction, indicating the need for a continual learning model of capturing emotion for automated agents. Finally, we extend our analysis to another dataset, showing promise that our findings generalize to more complex scenarios. We conclude by discussing our insights, which will be helpful for designing adaptive negotiation agents that interact through realistic communication interfaces.},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Negotiation is a complex social interaction that encapsulates emotional encounters in human decision-making. Virtual agents that can negotiate with humans by the means of language are useful in pedagogy and conversational AI. To advance the development of such agents, we explore the role of emotion in the prediction of two important subjective goals in a negotiation – outcome satisfaction and partner perception. We devise ways to measure and compare different degrees of emotion expression in negotiation dialogues, consisting of emoticon, lexical, and contextual variables. Through an extensive analysis of a large-scale dataset in chat-based negotiations, we find that incorporating emotion expression explains significantly more variance, above and beyond the demographics and personality traits of the participants. Further, our temporal analysis reveals that emotive information from both early and later stages of the negotiation contributes to this prediction, indicating the need for a continual learning model of capturing emotion for automated agents. Finally, we extend our analysis to another dataset, showing promise that our findings generalize to more complex scenarios. We conclude by discussing our insights, which will be helpful for designing adaptive negotiation agents that interact through realistic communication interfaces.
38.
Hartholt, Arno; Mozgai, Sharon
Creating Virtual Worlds with the Virtual Human Toolkit and the Rapid Integration & Development Environment Proceedings Article
In: Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems, AHFE Open Acces, 2023, ISBN: 978-1-958651-45-2, (ISSN: 27710718 Issue: 69).
@inproceedings{hartholt_creating_2023,
title = {Creating Virtual Worlds with the Virtual Human Toolkit and the Rapid Integration & Development Environment},
author = {Arno Hartholt and Sharon Mozgai},
url = {https://openaccess.cms-conferences.org/publications/book/978-1-958651-45-2/article/978-1-958651-45-2_41},
doi = {10.54941/ahfe1002856},
isbn = {978-1-958651-45-2},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
booktitle = {Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023): Integrating People and Intelligent Systems},
volume = {69},
publisher = {AHFE Open Acces},
abstract = {The research and development of virtual humans, and the virtual worlds they inhabit, is inherently complex, requiring interdisciplinary approaches that combine social sciences, computer science, design, art, production, and domain expertise. Our previous work in managing this complexity has resulted in the release of the Virtual Human Toolkit (VHToolkit), aimed at lowering the burden of creating embodied conversational agents. In our current efforts, we are integrating the VHToolkit with the Rapid Integration & Development Environment (RIDE), a rapid prototyping modeling and simulation middleware platform that leverages real-time game engines. This integration results in the ability to mix and match commercial AI services from AWS, Azure, and Google, as well as leverage novel 3D geospatial terrain creation pipelines. Combined with dedicated authoring tools that have been developed through human-centered design processes, the platform enables researchers, developers, and domain experts to rapidly create digital worlds with virtual humans for both military and civilian contexts. Our approach is highly interdisciplinary, including academia, government, and industry collaborators. The demonstration shows a user interacting with an embodied conversational agent embedded within real-world captured and virtualized terrain. Further research and development features of the platform are shown, including scripted agent behaviors, networked team play, and machine learning interfaces.},
note = {ISSN: 27710718
Issue: 69},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The research and development of virtual humans, and the virtual worlds they inhabit, is inherently complex, requiring interdisciplinary approaches that combine social sciences, computer science, design, art, production, and domain expertise. Our previous work in managing this complexity has resulted in the release of the Virtual Human Toolkit (VHToolkit), aimed at lowering the burden of creating embodied conversational agents. In our current efforts, we are integrating the VHToolkit with the Rapid Integration & Development Environment (RIDE), a rapid prototyping modeling and simulation middleware platform that leverages real-time game engines. This integration results in the ability to mix and match commercial AI services from AWS, Azure, and Google, as well as leverage novel 3D geospatial terrain creation pipelines. Combined with dedicated authoring tools that have been developed through human-centered design processes, the platform enables researchers, developers, and domain experts to rapidly create digital worlds with virtual humans for both military and civilian contexts. Our approach is highly interdisciplinary, including academia, government, and industry collaborators. The demonstration shows a user interacting with an embodied conversational agent embedded within real-world captured and virtualized terrain. Further research and development features of the platform are shown, including scripted agent behaviors, networked team play, and machine learning interfaces.
39.
Mozgai, Sharon; Beland, Sarah; Leeds, Andrew; Winn, Jade G.; Kaurloto, Cari; Heylen, Dirk; Hartholt, Arno
Toward a Scoping Review of Social Intelligence in Virtual Humans Proceedings Article
In: 2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG), pp. 1–6, 2023.
@inproceedings{mozgai_toward_2023,
title = {Toward a Scoping Review of Social Intelligence in Virtual Humans},
author = {Sharon Mozgai and Sarah Beland and Andrew Leeds and Jade G. Winn and Cari Kaurloto and Dirk Heylen and Arno Hartholt},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10042532},
doi = {10.1109/FG57933.2023.10042532},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
booktitle = {2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG)},
pages = {1–6},
abstract = {As the demand for socially intelligent Virtual Humans (VHs) increases, so follows the demand for effective and efficient cross-discipline collaboration that is required to bring these VHs “to life”. One avenue for increasing cross-discipline fluency is the aggregation and organization of seemingly disparate areas of research and development (e.g., graphics and emotion models) that are essential to the field of VH research. Our initial investigation (1) identifies and catalogues research streams concentrated in three multidisciplinary VH topic clusters within the domain of social intelligence, Emotion, Social Behavior, and The Face, (2) brings to the forefront key themes and prolific authors within each topic cluster, and (3) provides evidence that a full scoping review is warranted to further map the field, aggregate research findings, and identify gaps in the research. To enable collaboration, we provide full access to the refined VH cluster datasets, key word and author word clouds, as well as interactive evidence maps.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
As the demand for socially intelligent Virtual Humans (VHs) increases, so follows the demand for effective and efficient cross-discipline collaboration that is required to bring these VHs “to life”. One avenue for increasing cross-discipline fluency is the aggregation and organization of seemingly disparate areas of research and development (e.g., graphics and emotion models) that are essential to the field of VH research. Our initial investigation (1) identifies and catalogues research streams concentrated in three multidisciplinary VH topic clusters within the domain of social intelligence, Emotion, Social Behavior, and The Face, (2) brings to the forefront key themes and prolific authors within each topic cluster, and (3) provides evidence that a full scoping review is warranted to further map the field, aggregate research findings, and identify gaps in the research. To enable collaboration, we provide full access to the refined VH cluster datasets, key word and author word clouds, as well as interactive evidence maps.
40.
Wang, Ning; Pynadath, David V.; Gurney, Nikolos
The Design of Transparency Communication for Human-Multirobot Teams Book Section
In: Degen, Helmut; Ntoa, Stavroula (Ed.): Artificial Intelligence in HCI, vol. 14051, pp. 311–321, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2023, ISBN: 978-3-031-35893-7 978-3-031-35894-4, (Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science).
@incollection{degen_design_2023,
title = {The Design of Transparency Communication for Human-Multirobot Teams},
author = {Ning Wang and David V. Pynadath and Nikolos Gurney},
editor = {Helmut Degen and Stavroula Ntoa},
url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-35894-4_23},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-35894-4_23},
isbn = {978-3-031-35893-7 978-3-031-35894-4},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-08-24},
booktitle = {Artificial Intelligence in HCI},
volume = {14051},
pages = {311–321},
publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
address = {Cham},
note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Filter
2022
Becerik-Gerber, Burçin; Lucas, Gale; Aryal, Ashrant; Awada, Mohamad; Bergés, Mario; Billington, Sarah L; Boric-Lubecke, Olga; Ghahramani, Ali; Heydarian, Arsalan; Jazizadeh, Farrokh; Liu, Ruying; Zhu, Runhe; Marks, Frederick; Roll, Shawn; Seyedrezaei, Mirmahdi; Taylor, John E.; Höelscher, Christoph; Khan, Azam; Langevin, Jared; Mauriello, Matthew Louis; Murnane, Elizabeth; Noh, Haeyoung; Pritoni, Marco; Schaumann, Davide; Zhao, Jie
Ten questions concerning human-building interaction research for improving the quality of life Journal Article
In: Building and Environment, vol. 226, pp. 109681, 2022, ISSN: 0360-1323.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{becerik-gerber_ten_2022,
title = {Ten questions concerning human-building interaction research for improving the quality of life},
author = {Burçin Becerik-Gerber and Gale Lucas and Ashrant Aryal and Mohamad Awada and Mario Bergés and Sarah L Billington and Olga Boric-Lubecke and Ali Ghahramani and Arsalan Heydarian and Farrokh Jazizadeh and Ruying Liu and Runhe Zhu and Frederick Marks and Shawn Roll and Mirmahdi Seyedrezaei and John E. Taylor and Christoph Höelscher and Azam Khan and Jared Langevin and Matthew Louis Mauriello and Elizabeth Murnane and Haeyoung Noh and Marco Pritoni and Davide Schaumann and Jie Zhao},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132322009118},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109681},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {226},
pages = {109681},
abstract = {This paper seeks to address ten questions that explore the burgeoning field of Human-Building Interaction (HBI), an interdisciplinary field that represents the next frontier in convergent research and innovation to enable the dynamic interplay of human and building interactional intelligence. The field of HBI builds on several existing efforts in historically separate research fields/communities and aims to understand how buildings affect human outcomes and experiences, as well as how humans interact with, adapt to, and affect the built environment and its systems, to support buildings that can learn, enable adaptation, and evolve at different scales to improve the quality-of-life of its users while optimizing resource usage and service availability. Questions were developed by a diverse group of researchers with backgrounds in design, engineering, computer science, social science, and health science. Answers to these questions draw conclusions from what has been achieved to date as reported in the available literature and establish a foundation for future HBI research. This paper aims to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations in HBI research to change the way people interact with and perceive technology within the context of buildings and inform the design, construction, and operation of next-generation, intelligent built environments. In doing so, HBI research can realize a myriad of benefits for human users, including improved productivity, health, cognition, convenience, and comfort, all of which are essential to societal well-being.},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper seeks to address ten questions that explore the burgeoning field of Human-Building Interaction (HBI), an interdisciplinary field that represents the next frontier in convergent research and innovation to enable the dynamic interplay of human and building interactional intelligence. The field of HBI builds on several existing efforts in historically separate research fields/communities and aims to understand how buildings affect human outcomes and experiences, as well as how humans interact with, adapt to, and affect the built environment and its systems, to support buildings that can learn, enable adaptation, and evolve at different scales to improve the quality-of-life of its users while optimizing resource usage and service availability. Questions were developed by a diverse group of researchers with backgrounds in design, engineering, computer science, social science, and health science. Answers to these questions draw conclusions from what has been achieved to date as reported in the available literature and establish a foundation for future HBI research. This paper aims to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations in HBI research to change the way people interact with and perceive technology within the context of buildings and inform the design, construction, and operation of next-generation, intelligent built environments. In doing so, HBI research can realize a myriad of benefits for human users, including improved productivity, health, cognition, convenience, and comfort, all of which are essential to societal well-being.
Becerik-Gerber, Burcin; Lucas, Gale; Aryal, Ashrant; Awada, Mohamad; Bergés, Mario; Billington, Sarah; Boric-Lubecke, Olga; Ghahramani, Ali; Heydarian, Arsalan; Höelscher, Christoph; Jazizadeh, Farrokh; Khan, Azam; Langevin, Jared; Liu, Ruying; Marks, Frederick; Mauriello, Matthew Louis; Murnane, Elizabeth; Noh, Haeyoung; Pritoni, Marco; Roll, Shawn; Schaumann, Davide; Seyedrezaei, Mirmahdi; Taylor, John E.; Zhao, Jie; Zhu, Runhe
The field of human building interaction for convergent research and innovation for intelligent built environments Journal Article
In: Sci Rep, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 22092, 2022, ISSN: 2045-2322, (Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{becerik-gerber_field_2022,
title = {The field of human building interaction for convergent research and innovation for intelligent built environments},
author = {Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Gale Lucas and Ashrant Aryal and Mohamad Awada and Mario Bergés and Sarah Billington and Olga Boric-Lubecke and Ali Ghahramani and Arsalan Heydarian and Christoph Höelscher and Farrokh Jazizadeh and Azam Khan and Jared Langevin and Ruying Liu and Frederick Marks and Matthew Louis Mauriello and Elizabeth Murnane and Haeyoung Noh and Marco Pritoni and Shawn Roll and Davide Schaumann and Mirmahdi Seyedrezaei and John E. Taylor and Jie Zhao and Runhe Zhu},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-25047-y},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-25047-y},
issn = {2045-2322},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Sci Rep},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {22092},
abstract = {Human-Building Interaction (HBI) is a convergent field that represents the growing complexities of the dynamic interplay between human experience and intelligence within built environments. This paper provides core definitions, research dimensions, and an overall vision for the future of HBI as developed through consensus among 25 interdisciplinary experts in a series of facilitated workshops. Three primary areas contribute to and require attention in HBI research: humans (human experiences, performance, and well-being), buildings (building design and operations), and technologies (sensing, inference, and awareness). Three critical interdisciplinary research domains intersect these areas: control systems and decision making, trust and collaboration, and modeling and simulation. Finally, at the core, it is vital for HBI research to center on and support equity, privacy, and sustainability. Compelling research questions are posed for each primary area, research domain, and core principle. State-of-the-art methods used in HBI studies are discussed, and examples of original research are offered to illustrate opportunities for the advancement of HBI research.},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Human-Building Interaction (HBI) is a convergent field that represents the growing complexities of the dynamic interplay between human experience and intelligence within built environments. This paper provides core definitions, research dimensions, and an overall vision for the future of HBI as developed through consensus among 25 interdisciplinary experts in a series of facilitated workshops. Three primary areas contribute to and require attention in HBI research: humans (human experiences, performance, and well-being), buildings (building design and operations), and technologies (sensing, inference, and awareness). Three critical interdisciplinary research domains intersect these areas: control systems and decision making, trust and collaboration, and modeling and simulation. Finally, at the core, it is vital for HBI research to center on and support equity, privacy, and sustainability. Compelling research questions are posed for each primary area, research domain, and core principle. State-of-the-art methods used in HBI studies are discussed, and examples of original research are offered to illustrate opportunities for the advancement of HBI research.
Pauw, Lisanne S.; Sauter, Disa A.; Kleef, Gerben A.; Lucas, Gale M.; Gratch, Jonathan; Fischer, Agneta H.
The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits Journal Article
In: Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 136, pp. 107368, 2022, ISSN: 07475632.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Virtual Humans
@article{pauw_avatar_2022,
title = {The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits},
author = {Lisanne S. Pauw and Disa A. Sauter and Gerben A. Kleef and Gale M. Lucas and Jonathan Gratch and Agneta H. Fischer},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074756322200190X},
doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368},
issn = {07475632},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
volume = {136},
pages = {107368},
keywords = {DTIC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Lugrin, Birgit; Pelachaud, Catherine; André, Elisabeth; Aylett, Ruth; Bickmore, Timothy; Breazeal, Cynthia; Broekens, Joost; Dautenhahn, Kerstin; Gratch, Jonathan; Kopp, Stefan; Nadel, Jacqueline; Paiva, Ana; Wykowska, Agnieszka
In: The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 2: Interactivity, Platforms, Application, vol. 48, pp. 561–626, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9896-1.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@incollection{lugrin_challenge_2022,
title = {Challenge Discussion on Socially Interactive Agents: Considerations on Social Interaction, Computational Architectures, Evaluation, and Ethics},
author = {Birgit Lugrin and Catherine Pelachaud and Elisabeth André and Ruth Aylett and Timothy Bickmore and Cynthia Breazeal and Joost Broekens and Kerstin Dautenhahn and Jonathan Gratch and Stefan Kopp and Jacqueline Nadel and Ana Paiva and Agnieszka Wykowska},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3563659.3563677},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9896-1},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
booktitle = {The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 2: Interactivity, Platforms, Application},
volume = {48},
pages = {561–626},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
edition = {1},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Hartholt, Arno; Mozgai, Sharon
Platforms and Tools for SIA Research and Development Book Section
In: The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 2: Interactivity, Platforms, Application, vol. 48, pp. 261–304, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9896-1.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans
@incollection{hartholt_platforms_2022,
title = {Platforms and Tools for SIA Research and Development},
author = {Arno Hartholt and Sharon Mozgai},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3563659.3563668},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9896-1},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
booktitle = {The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 2: Interactivity, Platforms, Application},
volume = {48},
pages = {261–304},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
edition = {1},
keywords = {UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Yin, Yufeng; Xu, Jiashu; Zu, Tianxin; Soleymani, Mohammad
X-Norm: Exchanging Normalization Parameters for Bimodal Fusion Proceedings Article
In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION, pp. 605–614, ACM, Bengaluru India, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9390-4.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Emotions, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{yin_x-norm_2022,
title = {X-Norm: Exchanging Normalization Parameters for Bimodal Fusion},
author = {Yufeng Yin and Jiashu Xu and Tianxin Zu and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3536221.3556581},
doi = {10.1145/3536221.3556581},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9390-4},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2023-08-24},
booktitle = {INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION},
pages = {605–614},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Bengaluru India},
keywords = {Emotions, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Lu, Shuhong; Feng, Andrew
The DeepMotion entry to the GENEA Challenge 2022 Proceedings Article
In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION, pp. 790–796, ACM, Bengaluru India, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9390-4.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{lu_deepmotion_2022,
title = {The DeepMotion entry to the GENEA Challenge 2022},
author = {Shuhong Lu and Andrew Feng},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3536221.3558059},
doi = {10.1145/3536221.3558059},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9390-4},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2023-08-24},
booktitle = {INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION},
pages = {790–796},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Bengaluru India},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Feng, Andrew; Shin, Samuel; Yoon, Youngwoo
A Tool for Extracting 3D Avatar-Ready Gesture Animations from Monocular Videos Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games, pp. 1–7, ACM, Guanajuato Mexico, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9888-6.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{feng_tool_2022,
title = {A Tool for Extracting 3D Avatar-Ready Gesture Animations from Monocular Videos},
author = {Andrew Feng and Samuel Shin and Youngwoo Yoon},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3561975.3562953},
doi = {10.1145/3561975.3562953},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9888-6},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2023-08-04},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction and Games},
pages = {1–7},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Guanajuato Mexico},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Gratch, Jonathan; Fast, Nathanael J.
The power to harm: AI assistants pave the way to unethical behavior Journal Article
In: Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 47, pp. 101382, 2022, ISSN: 2352250X.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: AI, DTIC, Virtual Humans
@article{gratch_power_2022,
title = {The power to harm: AI assistants pave the way to unethical behavior},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Nathanael J. Fast},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352250X22001014},
doi = {10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101382},
issn = {2352250X},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
journal = {Current Opinion in Psychology},
volume = {47},
pages = {101382},
keywords = {AI, DTIC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hartholt, Arno; Fast, Ed; Li, Zongjian; Kim, Kevin; Leeds, Andrew; Mozgai, Sharon
Re-architecting the virtual human toolkit: towards an interoperable platform for embodied conversational agent research and development Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 1–8, ACM, Faro Portugal, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9248-8.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{hartholt_re-architecting_2022,
title = {Re-architecting the virtual human toolkit: towards an interoperable platform for embodied conversational agent research and development},
author = {Arno Hartholt and Ed Fast and Zongjian Li and Kevin Kim and Andrew Leeds and Sharon Mozgai},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3514197.3549671},
doi = {10.1145/3514197.3549671},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9248-8},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-15},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {1–8},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Faro Portugal},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Lee, Eugene; McNulty, Zachary; Gentle, Alex; Pradhan, Prerak Tusharkumar; Gratch, Jonathan
Examining the impact of emotion and agency on negotiator behavior Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 1–3, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9248-8.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Emotions, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{lee_examining_2022,
title = {Examining the impact of emotion and agency on negotiator behavior},
author = {Eugene Lee and Zachary McNulty and Alex Gentle and Prerak Tusharkumar Pradhan and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3514197.3549673},
doi = {10.1145/3514197.3549673},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9248-8},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-27},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {1–3},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {IVA '22},
abstract = {Virtual human expressions can shape user behavior [1, 2, 3], yet in negotiation, findings have been underwhelming. For example, human negotiators can use anger to claim value (i.e., extract concessions) [4], but anger has no effect when exhibited by a virtual human [5]. Other psychological work suggests that emotions can create value (e.g., happy negotiators can better discover tradeoffs across issues that "grow the pie"), but little research has examined how virtual human expressions shape value creation. Here we present an agent architecture and pilot study that examines differences between how the emotional expressions of human and virtual-human opponents shape value claiming and value creation. We replicate the finding that virtual human anger fails to influence value claiming but discover counter-intuitive findings on value creation. We argue these findings highlight the potential for intelligent virtual humans to yield insight into human psychology.},
keywords = {DTIC, Emotions, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Virtual human expressions can shape user behavior [1, 2, 3], yet in negotiation, findings have been underwhelming. For example, human negotiators can use anger to claim value (i.e., extract concessions) [4], but anger has no effect when exhibited by a virtual human [5]. Other psychological work suggests that emotions can create value (e.g., happy negotiators can better discover tradeoffs across issues that "grow the pie"), but little research has examined how virtual human expressions shape value creation. Here we present an agent architecture and pilot study that examines differences between how the emotional expressions of human and virtual-human opponents shape value claiming and value creation. We replicate the finding that virtual human anger fails to influence value claiming but discover counter-intuitive findings on value creation. We argue these findings highlight the potential for intelligent virtual humans to yield insight into human psychology.
Hale, James; Jalan, Harsh; Saini, Nidhi; Tan, Shao Ling; Woo, Junhyuck; Gratch, Jonathan
Negotiation game to introduce non-linear utility Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 1–3, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9248-8.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{hale_negotiation_2022,
title = {Negotiation game to introduce non-linear utility},
author = {James Hale and Harsh Jalan and Nidhi Saini and Shao Ling Tan and Junhyuck Woo and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3514197.3549678},
doi = {10.1145/3514197.3549678},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9248-8},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-27},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {1–3},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {IVA '22},
abstract = {Much prior work in automated negotiation makes the simplifying assumption of linear utility functions. As such, we propose a framework for multilateral repeated negotiations in a complex game setting—to introduce non-linearities—where negotiators can choose with whom they negotiate in subsequent games. This game setting not only creates non-linear utility functions, but also motivates the negotiation.},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Much prior work in automated negotiation makes the simplifying assumption of linear utility functions. As such, we propose a framework for multilateral repeated negotiations in a complex game setting—to introduce non-linearities—where negotiators can choose with whom they negotiate in subsequent games. This game setting not only creates non-linear utility functions, but also motivates the negotiation.
Hale, James; Kim, Peter; Gratch, Jonathan
Preference interdependencies in a multi-issue salary negotiation Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 1–8, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9248-8.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{hale_preference_2022,
title = {Preference interdependencies in a multi-issue salary negotiation},
author = {James Hale and Peter Kim and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3514197.3549681},
doi = {10.1145/3514197.3549681},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9248-8},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-27},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {1–8},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {IVA '22},
abstract = {Negotiation is an important potential application domain for intelligent virtual agents but, unlike research on agent-agent negotiations, agents that negotiate with people often adopt unrealistic simplifying assumptions. These assumptions not only limit the generality of these agents, but call into question scientific findings about how people negotiate with agents. Here we relax two common assumptions: the use of assigned rather than elicited user preferences, and the use of linear utility functions. Using a simulated salary negotiation, we find that relaxing these assumptions helps reveal interesting individual differences in how people negotiate their salary and allows algorithms to find better win-win solutions.},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Negotiation is an important potential application domain for intelligent virtual agents but, unlike research on agent-agent negotiations, agents that negotiate with people often adopt unrealistic simplifying assumptions. These assumptions not only limit the generality of these agents, but call into question scientific findings about how people negotiate with agents. Here we relax two common assumptions: the use of assigned rather than elicited user preferences, and the use of linear utility functions. Using a simulated salary negotiation, we find that relaxing these assumptions helps reveal interesting individual differences in how people negotiate their salary and allows algorithms to find better win-win solutions.
Awada, Mohamad; Becerik-Gerber, Burcin; Lucas, Gale; Roll, Shawn
Cognitive performance, creativity and stress levels of neurotypical young adults under different white noise levels Journal Article
In: Sci Rep, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 14566, 2022, ISSN: 2045-2322, (Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{awada_cognitive_2022,
title = {Cognitive performance, creativity and stress levels of neurotypical young adults under different white noise levels},
author = {Mohamad Awada and Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Gale Lucas and Shawn Roll},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18862-w},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-18862-w},
issn = {2045-2322},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Sci Rep},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {14566},
abstract = {Noise is often considered a distractor; however recent studies suggest that sub-attentive individuals or individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can benefit from white noise to enhance their cognitive performance. Research regarding the effect of white noise on neurotypical adults presents mixed results, thus the implications of white noise on the neurotypical population remain unclear. Thus, this study investigates the effect of 2 white noise conditions, white noise level at 45 dB and white noise level at 65 dB, on the cognitive performance, creativity, and stress levels of neurotypical young adults in a private office space. These conditions are compared to a baseline condition where participants are exposed to the office ambient noise. Our findings showed that the white noise level at 45 dB resulted in better cognitive performance in terms of sustained attention, accuracy, and speed of performance as well as enhanced creativity and lower stress levels. On the other hand, the 65 dB white noise condition led to improved working memory but higher stress levels, which leads to the conclusion that different tasks might require different noise levels for optimal performance. These results lay the foundation for the integration of white noise into office workspaces as a tool to enhance office workers’ performance.},
note = {Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Noise is often considered a distractor; however recent studies suggest that sub-attentive individuals or individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can benefit from white noise to enhance their cognitive performance. Research regarding the effect of white noise on neurotypical adults presents mixed results, thus the implications of white noise on the neurotypical population remain unclear. Thus, this study investigates the effect of 2 white noise conditions, white noise level at 45 dB and white noise level at 65 dB, on the cognitive performance, creativity, and stress levels of neurotypical young adults in a private office space. These conditions are compared to a baseline condition where participants are exposed to the office ambient noise. Our findings showed that the white noise level at 45 dB resulted in better cognitive performance in terms of sustained attention, accuracy, and speed of performance as well as enhanced creativity and lower stress levels. On the other hand, the 65 dB white noise condition led to improved working memory but higher stress levels, which leads to the conclusion that different tasks might require different noise levels for optimal performance. These results lay the foundation for the integration of white noise into office workspaces as a tool to enhance office workers’ performance.
Melo, Celso; Gratch, Jonathan; Krueger, Frank
Heuristic thinking and altruism toward machines in people impacted by COVID-19 Journal Article
In: Yearb Med Inform, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 226–227, 2022, ISSN: 0943-4747, 2364-0502, (Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{de_melo_heuristic_2022,
title = {Heuristic thinking and altruism toward machines in people impacted by COVID-19},
author = {Celso Melo and Jonathan Gratch and Frank Krueger},
url = {http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0042-1742544},
doi = {10.1055/s-0042-1742544},
issn = {0943-4747, 2364-0502},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Yearb Med Inform},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {226–227},
abstract = {he authors conducted a study of how human interaction with machines needs to be studied, given the advent of intelligent systems in everyday life (such as autonomous vehicles) and how COVID-19 experiences shape human altruistic responses to machines. The authors correctly claim that more study of how humans can collaborate, and their attitudes and behavior toward machines differs from social norms with humans. They make use of the ‘Computers as Social Actors’ theory of Reeves and Nass (1996), which was influential in human computer and robot interaction research. It argues that people heuristically treat machines like people, and that encouraging intuitive thinking, in contrast to deliberation, led to increased cooperation in non-strategic settings. The authors are the first to apply and test this with concrete cognitive studies. The dictator game is used to measure altruism; the user has options to give tokens to another user (in this case the computer or a ‘human’ (both delivered by computer message to obscure the source). 186 participants were used as senders, across 40 US states, and provided a diverse sample. They were administered the abbreviated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) checklist (to measure COVID-19 impact), and three subjective scales to gain insight on mechanisms. These were the Cognitive Reflection test to measure if those impacted engage in reduced reflection, i.e., more intuitive thinking, the Faith in Technology scale, and the Moral Foundations Questionnaire. Results showed a reduction in the usual bias against fairness toward machines the more the user had been impacted by COVID-19. There were also sharp increases in intuitive (and incorrect) thinking and faith in technology among the most highly affected group. The authors through multiple mediation analysis showed that faith in technology and heuristic thinking mediate the offer bias. They also caution that in times of stress the disproportional impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups leads to the need for ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure altruism/cooperation shown to machines is well deserved. They also point out the factors such as individual stress propensity, education level, and socioeconomic status could make individuals susceptible to heuristic thinking, and other social norms such as reciprocity, trust and fairness may also shape collaboration with machines.},
note = {Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
he authors conducted a study of how human interaction with machines needs to be studied, given the advent of intelligent systems in everyday life (such as autonomous vehicles) and how COVID-19 experiences shape human altruistic responses to machines. The authors correctly claim that more study of how humans can collaborate, and their attitudes and behavior toward machines differs from social norms with humans. They make use of the ‘Computers as Social Actors’ theory of Reeves and Nass (1996), which was influential in human computer and robot interaction research. It argues that people heuristically treat machines like people, and that encouraging intuitive thinking, in contrast to deliberation, led to increased cooperation in non-strategic settings. The authors are the first to apply and test this with concrete cognitive studies. The dictator game is used to measure altruism; the user has options to give tokens to another user (in this case the computer or a ‘human’ (both delivered by computer message to obscure the source). 186 participants were used as senders, across 40 US states, and provided a diverse sample. They were administered the abbreviated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) checklist (to measure COVID-19 impact), and three subjective scales to gain insight on mechanisms. These were the Cognitive Reflection test to measure if those impacted engage in reduced reflection, i.e., more intuitive thinking, the Faith in Technology scale, and the Moral Foundations Questionnaire. Results showed a reduction in the usual bias against fairness toward machines the more the user had been impacted by COVID-19. There were also sharp increases in intuitive (and incorrect) thinking and faith in technology among the most highly affected group. The authors through multiple mediation analysis showed that faith in technology and heuristic thinking mediate the offer bias. They also caution that in times of stress the disproportional impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable groups leads to the need for ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure altruism/cooperation shown to machines is well deserved. They also point out the factors such as individual stress propensity, education level, and socioeconomic status could make individuals susceptible to heuristic thinking, and other social norms such as reciprocity, trust and fairness may also shape collaboration with machines.
Mozgai, Sharon; Winn, Jade; Kaurloto, Cari; Leeds, Andrew; Heylen, Dirk; Hartholt, Arno
Toward a Semi-Automated Scoping Review of Virtual Human Smiles Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Smiling and Laughter across Contexts and the Life-span Workshop, 2022.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{mozgai_toward_2022,
title = {Toward a Semi-Automated Scoping Review of Virtual Human Smiles},
author = {Sharon Mozgai and Jade Winn and Cari Kaurloto and Andrew Leeds and Dirk Heylen and Arno Hartholt},
url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2022/workshops/SmiLa/index.html},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Smiling and Laughter across Contexts and the Life-span Workshop},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Hartholt, Arno; Fast, Ed; Leeds, Andrew; Kim, Kevin; Gordon, Andrew; McCullough, Kyle; Ustun, Volkan; Mozgai, Sharon
Demonstrating the Rapid Integration & Development Environment (RIDE): Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) and Multiagent Capabilities Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 1902–1904, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Richland, SC, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9213-6.
Abstract | BibTeX | Tags: AI, DTIC, Integration Technology, Machine Learning, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{hartholt_demonstrating_2022,
title = {Demonstrating the Rapid Integration & Development Environment (RIDE): Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) and Multiagent Capabilities},
author = {Arno Hartholt and Ed Fast and Andrew Leeds and Kevin Kim and Andrew Gordon and Kyle McCullough and Volkan Ustun and Sharon Mozgai},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9213-6},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-01},
urldate = {2022-09-20},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems},
pages = {1902–1904},
publisher = {International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems},
address = {Richland, SC},
series = {AAMAS '22},
abstract = {We demonstrate the Rapid Integration & Development Environment (RIDE), a research and development platform that enables rapid prototyping in support of multiagents and embodied conversational agents. RIDE is based on commodity game engines and includes a flexible architecture, system interoperability, and native support for artificial intelligence and machine learning frameworks.},
keywords = {AI, DTIC, Integration Technology, Machine Learning, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We demonstrate the Rapid Integration & Development Environment (RIDE), a research and development platform that enables rapid prototyping in support of multiagents and embodied conversational agents. RIDE is based on commodity game engines and includes a flexible architecture, system interoperability, and native support for artificial intelligence and machine learning frameworks.
Adami, Pooya; Rodrigues, Patrick B.; Woods, Peter J.; Becerik-Gerber, Burcin; Soibelman, Lucio; Copur-Gencturk, Yasemin; Lucas, Gale
Impact of VR-Based Training on Human–Robot Interaction for Remote Operating Construction Robots Journal Article
In: J. Comput. Civ. Eng., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 04022006, 2022, ISSN: 0887-3801, 1943-5487.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans, VR
@article{adami_impact_2022,
title = {Impact of VR-Based Training on Human–Robot Interaction for Remote Operating Construction Robots},
author = {Pooya Adami and Patrick B. Rodrigues and Peter J. Woods and Burcin Becerik-Gerber and Lucio Soibelman and Yasemin Copur-Gencturk and Gale Lucas},
url = {https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CP.1943-5487.0001016},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0001016},
issn = {0887-3801, 1943-5487},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-01},
urldate = {2022-09-23},
journal = {J. Comput. Civ. Eng.},
volume = {36},
number = {3},
pages = {04022006},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans, VR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tran, Minh; Soleymani, Mohammad
A Pre-Trained Audio-Visual Transformer for Emotion Recognition Proceedings Article
In: ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp. 4698–4702, IEEE, Singapore, Singapore, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-66540-540-9.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{tran_pre-trained_2022,
title = {A Pre-Trained Audio-Visual Transformer for Emotion Recognition},
author = {Minh Tran and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9747278/},
doi = {10.1109/ICASSP43922.2022.9747278},
isbn = {978-1-66540-540-9},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-01},
urldate = {2022-09-23},
booktitle = {ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)},
pages = {4698–4702},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Singapore, Singapore},
keywords = {DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Fujiwara, Ken; Hoegen, Rens; Gratch, Jonathan; Dunbar, Norah E.
Synchrony facilitates altruistic decision making for non-human avatars Journal Article
In: Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 128, pp. 107079, 2022, ISSN: 07475632.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Virtual Humans
@article{fujiwara_synchrony_2022,
title = {Synchrony facilitates altruistic decision making for non-human avatars},
author = {Ken Fujiwara and Rens Hoegen and Jonathan Gratch and Norah E. Dunbar},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563221004027},
doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2021.107079},
issn = {07475632},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
volume = {128},
pages = {107079},
keywords = {DTIC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Visser, Ewart J.; Topoglu, Yigit; Joshi, Shawn; Krueger, Frank; Phillips, Elizabeth; Gratch, Jonathan; Tossell, Chad C.; Ayaz, Hasan
Designing Man’s New Best Friend: Enhancing Human-Robot Dog Interaction through Dog-Like Framing and Appearance Journal Article
In: Sensors, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1287, 2022, ISSN: 1424-8220.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Virtual Humans
@article{de_visser_designing_2022,
title = {Designing Man’s New Best Friend: Enhancing Human-Robot Dog Interaction through Dog-Like Framing and Appearance},
author = {Ewart J. Visser and Yigit Topoglu and Shawn Joshi and Frank Krueger and Elizabeth Phillips and Jonathan Gratch and Chad C. Tossell and Hasan Ayaz},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1287},
doi = {10.3390/s22031287},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-02-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
journal = {Sensors},
volume = {22},
number = {3},
pages = {1287},
abstract = {To understand how to improve interactions with dog-like robots, we evaluated the importance of “dog-like” framing and physical appearance on interaction, hypothesizing multiple interactive benefits of each. We assessed whether framing Aibo as a puppy (i.e., in need of development) versus simply a robot would result in more positive responses and interactions. We also predicted that adding fur to Aibo would make it appear more dog-like, likable, and interactive. Twenty-nine participants engaged with Aibo in a 2 × 2 (framing × appearance) design by issuing commands to the robot. Aibo and participant behaviors were monitored per second, and evaluated via an analysis of commands issued, an analysis of command blocks (i.e., chains of commands), and using a T-pattern analysis of participant behavior. Participants were more likely to issue the “Come Here” command than other types of commands. When framed as a puppy, participants used Aibo’s dog name more often, praised it more, and exhibited more unique, interactive, and complex behavior with Aibo. Participants exhibited the most smiling and laughing behaviors with Aibo framed as a puppy without fur. Across conditions, after interacting with Aibo, participants felt Aibo was more trustworthy, intelligent, warm, and connected than at their initial meeting. This study shows the benefits of introducing a socially robotic agent with a particular frame and importance on realism (i.e., introducing the robot dog as a puppy) for more interactive engagement.},
keywords = {DTIC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
To understand how to improve interactions with dog-like robots, we evaluated the importance of “dog-like” framing and physical appearance on interaction, hypothesizing multiple interactive benefits of each. We assessed whether framing Aibo as a puppy (i.e., in need of development) versus simply a robot would result in more positive responses and interactions. We also predicted that adding fur to Aibo would make it appear more dog-like, likable, and interactive. Twenty-nine participants engaged with Aibo in a 2 × 2 (framing × appearance) design by issuing commands to the robot. Aibo and participant behaviors were monitored per second, and evaluated via an analysis of commands issued, an analysis of command blocks (i.e., chains of commands), and using a T-pattern analysis of participant behavior. Participants were more likely to issue the “Come Here” command than other types of commands. When framed as a puppy, participants used Aibo’s dog name more often, praised it more, and exhibited more unique, interactive, and complex behavior with Aibo. Participants exhibited the most smiling and laughing behaviors with Aibo framed as a puppy without fur. Across conditions, after interacting with Aibo, participants felt Aibo was more trustworthy, intelligent, warm, and connected than at their initial meeting. This study shows the benefits of introducing a socially robotic agent with a particular frame and importance on realism (i.e., introducing the robot dog as a puppy) for more interactive engagement.
Baarslag, Tim; Kaisers, Michael; Gerding, Enrico H.; Jonker, Catholijn M.; Gratch, Jonathan
In: Karagözoğlu, Emin; Hyndman, Kyle B. (Ed.): Bargaining, pp. 387–406, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022, ISBN: 978-3-030-76665-8 978-3-030-76666-5.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Virtual Humans
@incollection{baarslag_self-sufficient_2022,
title = {Self-sufficient, Self-directed, and Interdependent Negotiation Systems: A Roadmap Toward Autonomous Negotiation Agents},
author = {Tim Baarslag and Michael Kaisers and Enrico H. Gerding and Catholijn M. Jonker and Jonathan Gratch},
editor = {Emin Karagözoğlu and Kyle B. Hyndman},
url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-76666-5_18},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-76666-5_18},
isbn = {978-3-030-76665-8 978-3-030-76666-5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-09-27},
booktitle = {Bargaining},
pages = {387–406},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
keywords = {Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Hoegen, Jessie; DeVault, David; Gratch, Jonathan
Exploring the Function of Expressions in Negotiation: the DyNego-WOZ Corpus Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, pp. 1–12, 2022, ISSN: 1949-3045, (Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{hoegen_exploring_2022,
title = {Exploring the Function of Expressions in Negotiation: the DyNego-WOZ Corpus},
author = {Jessie Hoegen and David DeVault and Jonathan Gratch},
doi = {10.1109/TAFFC.2022.3223030},
issn = {1949-3045},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
pages = {1–12},
abstract = {For affective computing to have an impact outside the laboratory, facial expressions must be studied in rich naturalistic situations. We argue negotiations are one such situation as they are ubiquitous in daily life, often evoke strong emotions, and perceived emotion shapes decisions and outcomes. Negotiations are a growing focus in AI research and applications, including agents that negotiate directly with people and attempt to use affective information. We introduce the DyNego-WOZ Corpus, which includes dyadic negotiation between participants and wizard-controlled virtual humans. We demonstrate the value of this corpus to the affective computing community by examining participants' facial expressions in response to a virtual human negotiation partner. We show that people's facial expressions typically co-occur with the end of their partner's speech (suggesting they reflect a reaction to the content of this speech), that these reactions do not correspond to prototypical emotional expressions, and that these reactions can help predict the expresser's subsequent action. We highlight challenges in working with such naturalistic data, including difficulties of expression recognition during speech, and the extreme variability of expressions, both across participants and within a negotiation. Our findings reinforce arguments that facial expressions convey more than emotional state but serve important communicative functions.},
note = {Conference Name: IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
For affective computing to have an impact outside the laboratory, facial expressions must be studied in rich naturalistic situations. We argue negotiations are one such situation as they are ubiquitous in daily life, often evoke strong emotions, and perceived emotion shapes decisions and outcomes. Negotiations are a growing focus in AI research and applications, including agents that negotiate directly with people and attempt to use affective information. We introduce the DyNego-WOZ Corpus, which includes dyadic negotiation between participants and wizard-controlled virtual humans. We demonstrate the value of this corpus to the affective computing community by examining participants' facial expressions in response to a virtual human negotiation partner. We show that people's facial expressions typically co-occur with the end of their partner's speech (suggesting they reflect a reaction to the content of this speech), that these reactions do not correspond to prototypical emotional expressions, and that these reactions can help predict the expresser's subsequent action. We highlight challenges in working with such naturalistic data, including difficulties of expression recognition during speech, and the extreme variability of expressions, both across participants and within a negotiation. Our findings reinforce arguments that facial expressions convey more than emotional state but serve important communicative functions.
Chawla, Kushal; Shi, Weiyan; Zhang, Jingwen; Lucas, Gale; Yu, Zhou; Gratch, Jonathan
Social Influence Dialogue Systems: A Survey of Datasets and Models For Social Influence Tasks Journal Article
In: 2022, (Publisher: arXiv Version Number: 2).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{chawla_social_2022,
title = {Social Influence Dialogue Systems: A Survey of Datasets and Models For Social Influence Tasks},
author = {Kushal Chawla and Weiyan Shi and Jingwen Zhang and Gale Lucas and Zhou Yu and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.05664},
doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.05664},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2023-08-22},
abstract = {Dialogue systems capable of social influence such as persuasion, negotiation, and therapy, are essential for extending the use of technology to numerous realistic scenarios. However, existing research primarily focuses on either task-oriented or open-domain scenarios, a categorization that has been inadequate for capturing influence skills systematically. There exists no formal definition or category for dialogue systems with these skills and data-driven efforts in this direction are highly limited. In this work, we formally define and introduce the category of social influence dialogue systems that influence users' cognitive and emotional responses, leading to changes in thoughts, opinions, and behaviors through natural conversations. We present a survey of various tasks, datasets, and methods, compiling the progress across seven diverse domains. We discuss the commonalities and differences between the examined systems, identify limitations, and recommend future directions. This study serves as a comprehensive reference for social influence dialogue systems to inspire more dedicated research and discussion in this emerging area.},
note = {Publisher: arXiv
Version Number: 2},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Dialogue systems capable of social influence such as persuasion, negotiation, and therapy, are essential for extending the use of technology to numerous realistic scenarios. However, existing research primarily focuses on either task-oriented or open-domain scenarios, a categorization that has been inadequate for capturing influence skills systematically. There exists no formal definition or category for dialogue systems with these skills and data-driven efforts in this direction are highly limited. In this work, we formally define and introduce the category of social influence dialogue systems that influence users' cognitive and emotional responses, leading to changes in thoughts, opinions, and behaviors through natural conversations. We present a survey of various tasks, datasets, and methods, compiling the progress across seven diverse domains. We discuss the commonalities and differences between the examined systems, identify limitations, and recommend future directions. This study serves as a comprehensive reference for social influence dialogue systems to inspire more dedicated research and discussion in this emerging area.
2021
Liu, Lixing; Gurney, Nikolos; McCullough, Kyle; Ustun, Volkan
Graph Neural Network Based Behavior Prediction to Support Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Military Training Simulations Proceedings Article
In: 2021 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), pp. 1–12, IEEE, Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-66543-311-2.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Learning Sciences, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{liu_graph_2021,
title = {Graph Neural Network Based Behavior Prediction to Support Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Military Training Simulations},
author = {Lixing Liu and Nikolos Gurney and Kyle McCullough and Volkan Ustun},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9715433/},
doi = {10.1109/WSC52266.2021.9715433},
isbn = {978-1-66543-311-2},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2022-09-21},
booktitle = {2021 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)},
pages = {1–12},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Phoenix, AZ, USA},
keywords = {DTIC, Learning Sciences, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Yin, Yufeng; Lu, Liupei; Wu, Yizhen; Soleymani, Mohammad
Self-Supervised Patch Localization for Cross-Domain Facial Action Unit Detection Proceedings Article
In: 2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021), pp. 1–8, IEEE, Jodhpur, India, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-66543-176-7.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{yin_self-supervised_2021,
title = {Self-Supervised Patch Localization for Cross-Domain Facial Action Unit Detection},
author = {Yufeng Yin and Liupei Lu and Yizhen Wu and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9667048/},
doi = {10.1109/FG52635.2021.9667048},
isbn = {978-1-66543-176-7},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2022-09-23},
booktitle = {2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)},
pages = {1–8},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Jodhpur, India},
keywords = {DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Tran, Minh; Bradley, Ellen; Matvey, Michelle; Woolley, Joshua; Soleymani, Mohammad
Modeling Dynamics of Facial Behavior for Mental Health Assessment Proceedings Article
In: 2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021), pp. 1–5, IEEE, Jodhpur, India, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-66543-176-7.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{tran_modeling_2021,
title = {Modeling Dynamics of Facial Behavior for Mental Health Assessment},
author = {Minh Tran and Ellen Bradley and Michelle Matvey and Joshua Woolley and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9666955/},
doi = {10.1109/FG52635.2021.9666955},
isbn = {978-1-66543-176-7},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2022-09-23},
booktitle = {2021 16th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2021)},
pages = {1–5},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Jodhpur, India},
keywords = {DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Schuller, Bjorn W.; Picard, Rosalind; Andre, Elisabeth; Gratch, Jonathan; Tao, Jianhua
Intelligent Signal Processing for Affective Computing [From the Guest Editors] Journal Article
In: IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 9–11, 2021, ISSN: 1053-5888, 1558-0792.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Emotions, Virtual Humans
@article{schuller_intelligent_2021,
title = {Intelligent Signal Processing for Affective Computing [From the Guest Editors]},
author = {Bjorn W. Schuller and Rosalind Picard and Elisabeth Andre and Jonathan Gratch and Jianhua Tao},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9591500/},
doi = {10.1109/MSP.2021.3096415},
issn = {1053-5888, 1558-0792},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-11-01},
urldate = {2022-09-29},
journal = {IEEE Signal Process. Mag.},
volume = {38},
number = {6},
pages = {9–11},
keywords = {Emotions, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kontogiorgos, Dimosthenis; Tran, Minh; Gustafson, Joakim; Soleymani, Mohammad
A Systematic Cross-Corpus Analysis of Human Reactions to Robot Conversational Failures Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, pp. 112–120, ACM, Montréal QC Canada, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-4503-8481-0.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Emotions, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{kontogiorgos_systematic_2021,
title = {A Systematic Cross-Corpus Analysis of Human Reactions to Robot Conversational Failures},
author = {Dimosthenis Kontogiorgos and Minh Tran and Joakim Gustafson and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3462244.3479887},
doi = {10.1145/3462244.3479887},
isbn = {978-1-4503-8481-0},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-01},
urldate = {2022-09-23},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction},
pages = {112–120},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Montréal QC Canada},
keywords = {DTIC, Emotions, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
et al A Rizzo,
Normative Data for a Next Generation Virtual Classroom for Attention Assessment in Children with ADHD and Beyond! Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies (ICDVRAT 2021), Serpa, Portugal, 2021.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: MedVR, Virtual Humans, VR
@inproceedings{a_rizzo_et_al_normative_2021,
title = {Normative Data for a Next Generation Virtual Classroom for Attention Assessment in Children with ADHD and Beyond!},
author = {et al A Rizzo},
url = {http://studio.hei-lab.ulusofona.pt/archive/},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies (ICDVRAT 2021)},
address = {Serpa, Portugal},
keywords = {MedVR, Virtual Humans, VR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Sato, Motoaki; Terada, Kazunori; Gratch, Jonathan
Visualization of social emotional appraisal process of an agent Proceedings Article
In: 2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), pp. 1–2, IEEE, Nara, Japan, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-66540-021-3.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Emotions, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{sato_visualization_2021,
title = {Visualization of social emotional appraisal process of an agent},
author = {Motoaki Sato and Kazunori Terada and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9666329/},
doi = {10.1109/ACIIW52867.2021.9666329},
isbn = {978-1-66540-021-3},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
booktitle = {2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW)},
pages = {1–2},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Nara, Japan},
keywords = {Emotions, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Johnson, Emmanuel; Gratch, Jonathan
Comparing The Accuracy of Frequentist and Bayesian Models in Human-Agent Negotiation Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 139–144, ACM, Virtual Event Japan, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-4503-8619-7.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{johnson_comparing_2021,
title = {Comparing The Accuracy of Frequentist and Bayesian Models in Human-Agent Negotiation},
author = {Emmanuel Johnson and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3472306.3478354},
doi = {10.1145/3472306.3478354},
isbn = {978-1-4503-8619-7},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {139–144},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Virtual Event Japan},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Johnson, Emmanuel; Gratch, Jonathan; Boberg, Jill; DeVault, David; Kim, Peter; Lucas, Gale
Using Intelligent Agents to Examine Gender in Negotiations Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 90–97, ACM, Virtual Event Japan, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-4503-8619-7.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{johnson_using_2021,
title = {Using Intelligent Agents to Examine Gender in Negotiations},
author = {Emmanuel Johnson and Jonathan Gratch and Jill Boberg and David DeVault and Peter Kim and Gale Lucas},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3472306.3478348},
doi = {10.1145/3472306.3478348},
isbn = {978-1-4503-8619-7},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {90–97},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Virtual Event Japan},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Terada, Kazunori; Okazoe, Mitsuki; Gratch, Jonathan
Effect of politeness strategies in dialogue on negotiation outcomes Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 195–202, ACM, Virtual Event Japan, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-4503-8619-7.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{terada_effect_2021,
title = {Effect of politeness strategies in dialogue on negotiation outcomes},
author = {Kazunori Terada and Mitsuki Okazoe and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3472306.3478336},
doi = {10.1145/3472306.3478336},
isbn = {978-1-4503-8619-7},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {195–202},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Virtual Event Japan},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Gratch, Jonathan; Lucas, Gale
Rapport Between Humans and Socially Interactive Agents Book Section
In: Lugrin, Birgit; Pelachaud, Catherine; Traum, David (Ed.): The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents, pp. 433–462, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-4503-8720-0.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Virtual Humans
@incollection{gratch_rapport_2021,
title = {Rapport Between Humans and Socially Interactive Agents},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Gale Lucas},
editor = {Birgit Lugrin and Catherine Pelachaud and David Traum},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3477322.3477335},
doi = {10.1145/3477322.3477335},
isbn = {978-1-4503-8720-0},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-28},
booktitle = {The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents},
pages = {433–462},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
edition = {1},
keywords = {Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Chawla, Kushal; Clever, Rene; Ramirez, Jaysa; Lucas, Gale; Gratch, Jonathan
Towards Emotion-Aware Agents For Negotiation Dialogues Proceedings Article
In: 2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII), pp. 1–8, IEEE, Nara, Japan, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-66540-019-0.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Emotions, UARC, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{chawla_towards_2021,
title = {Towards Emotion-Aware Agents For Negotiation Dialogues},
author = {Kushal Chawla and Rene Clever and Jaysa Ramirez and Gale Lucas and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9597427/},
doi = {10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597427},
isbn = {978-1-66540-019-0},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-27},
booktitle = {2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII)},
pages = {1–8},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Nara, Japan},
keywords = {DTIC, Emotions, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Lugrin, Birgit; Pelachaud, Catherine; Traum, David (Ed.)
1, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-4503-8720-0.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Dialogue, Virtual Humans
@book{lugrin_handbook_2021,
title = {The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, Intelligent Virtual Agents, and Social Robotics Volume 1: Methods, Behavior, Cognition},
editor = {Birgit Lugrin and Catherine Pelachaud and David Traum},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.1145/3477322},
doi = {10.1145/3477322},
isbn = {978-1-4503-8720-0},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-23},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
edition = {1},
keywords = {Dialogue, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Yin, Yufeng; Lu, Liupei; Xiao, Yao; Xu, Zhi; Cai, Kaijie; Jiang, Haonan; Gratch, Jonathan; Soleymani, Mohammad
Contrastive Learning for Domain Transfer in Cross-Corpus Emotion Recognition Proceedings Article
In: 2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII), pp. 1–8, IEEE, Nara, Japan, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-66540-019-0.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{yin_contrastive_2021,
title = {Contrastive Learning for Domain Transfer in Cross-Corpus Emotion Recognition},
author = {Yufeng Yin and Liupei Lu and Yao Xiao and Zhi Xu and Kaijie Cai and Haonan Jiang and Jonathan Gratch and Mohammad Soleymani},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9597453/},
doi = {10.1109/ACII52823.2021.9597453},
isbn = {978-1-66540-019-0},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2022-09-23},
booktitle = {2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII)},
pages = {1–8},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Nara, Japan},
keywords = {DTIC, Emotions, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Hartholt, Arno; Fast, Ed; Leeds, Andrew; Mozgai, Sharon
Introducing VHMason: A Visual, Integrated, Multimodal Virtual Human Authoring Tool Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp. 109–111, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021, ISBN: 978-1-4503-8619-7.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{hartholt_introducing_2021-1,
title = {Introducing VHMason: A Visual, Integrated, Multimodal Virtual Human Authoring Tool},
author = {Arno Hartholt and Ed Fast and Andrew Leeds and Sharon Mozgai},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3472306.3478363},
doi = {10.1145/3472306.3478363},
isbn = {978-1-4503-8619-7},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
pages = {109–111},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {IVA '21},
abstract = {A major impediment to the success of virtual agents is the inability of non-technical experts to easily author content. To address this barrier we present VHMason, a multimodal authoring tool designed to help creative authors build embodied conversational agents. We introduce the novel aspects of this authoring tool and explore a use case of the creation of an agent-led educational experience implemented at Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA).},
keywords = {UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A major impediment to the success of virtual agents is the inability of non-technical experts to easily author content. To address this barrier we present VHMason, a multimodal authoring tool designed to help creative authors build embodied conversational agents. We introduce the novel aspects of this authoring tool and explore a use case of the creation of an agent-led educational experience implemented at Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA).
Rizzo, Albert “Skip”; Hartholt, Arno; Mozgai, Sharon
From Combat to COVID-19 – Managing the Impact of Trauma Using Virtual Reality Journal Article
In: Journal of Technology in Human Services, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 314–347, 2021, ISSN: 1522-8835, (Publisher: Routledge _eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2021.1915931).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: MedVR, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans
@article{rizzo_combat_2021,
title = {From Combat to COVID-19 – Managing the Impact of Trauma Using Virtual Reality},
author = {Albert “Skip” Rizzo and Arno Hartholt and Sharon Mozgai},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2021.1915931},
doi = {10.1080/15228835.2021.1915931},
issn = {1522-8835},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-01},
urldate = {2023-03-31},
journal = {Journal of Technology in Human Services},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {314–347},
abstract = {Research has documented the efficacy of clinical applications that leverage Virtual Reality (VR) for assessment and treatment purposes across a wide range of domains, including pain, phobias, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As the field of Clinical VR matures, it is important to review its origins and examine how these initial explorations have progressed, what gaps remain, and what opportunities the community can pursue. We do this by reflecting on our personal scientific journey against the backdrop of the field in general. In particular, this paper discusses how a clinical research program that was initially designed to deliver trauma-focused VR exposure therapy (VRET) for combat-related PTSD has been evolved to expand its impact and address a wider range of trauma sources. Such trauma sources include sexual trauma and the needs of first responders and healthcare professionals serving on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide an overview of the field and its general trends, discuss the genesis of our research agenda and its current status, and summarize upcoming opportunities, together with common challenges and lessons learned.},
note = {Publisher: Routledge
_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2021.1915931},
keywords = {MedVR, UARC, VHTL, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Research has documented the efficacy of clinical applications that leverage Virtual Reality (VR) for assessment and treatment purposes across a wide range of domains, including pain, phobias, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As the field of Clinical VR matures, it is important to review its origins and examine how these initial explorations have progressed, what gaps remain, and what opportunities the community can pursue. We do this by reflecting on our personal scientific journey against the backdrop of the field in general. In particular, this paper discusses how a clinical research program that was initially designed to deliver trauma-focused VR exposure therapy (VRET) for combat-related PTSD has been evolved to expand its impact and address a wider range of trauma sources. Such trauma sources include sexual trauma and the needs of first responders and healthcare professionals serving on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide an overview of the field and its general trends, discuss the genesis of our research agenda and its current status, and summarize upcoming opportunities, together with common challenges and lessons learned.
Horstmann, Aike C.; Gratch, Jonathan; Krämer, Nicole C.
I Just Wanna Blame Somebody, Not Something! Reactions to a Computer Agent Giving Negative Feedback Based on the Instructions of a Person Journal Article
In: International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, pp. 102683, 2021, ISSN: 10715819.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{horstmann_i_2021,
title = {I Just Wanna Blame Somebody, Not Something! Reactions to a Computer Agent Giving Negative Feedback Based on the Instructions of a Person},
author = {Aike C. Horstmann and Jonathan Gratch and Nicole C. Krämer},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1071581921001014},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102683},
issn = {10715819},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-01},
urldate = {2021-06-18},
journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies},
pages = {102683},
abstract = {Previous research focused on differences between interacting with a person-controlled avatar and a computer-controlled virtual agent. This study however examines an aspiring form of technology called agent representative which constitutes a mix of the former two interaction partner types since it is a computer agent which was previously instructed by a person to take over a task on the person’s behalf. In an experimental lab study with a 2 x 3 between-subjects-design (N = 195), people believed to study together either with an agent representative, avatar, or virtual agent. The interaction partner was described to either possess high or low expertise, while always giving negative feedback regarding the participant’s performance. Results show small but interesting differences regarding the type of agency. People attributed the most agency and blame to the person(s) behind the software and reported the most negative affect when interacting with an avatar, which was less the case for a person’s agent representative and the least for a virtual agent. Level of expertise had no significant effect and other evaluation measures were not affected.},
keywords = {DTIC, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Previous research focused on differences between interacting with a person-controlled avatar and a computer-controlled virtual agent. This study however examines an aspiring form of technology called agent representative which constitutes a mix of the former two interaction partner types since it is a computer agent which was previously instructed by a person to take over a task on the person’s behalf. In an experimental lab study with a 2 x 3 between-subjects-design (N = 195), people believed to study together either with an agent representative, avatar, or virtual agent. The interaction partner was described to either possess high or low expertise, while always giving negative feedback regarding the participant’s performance. Results show small but interesting differences regarding the type of agency. People attributed the most agency and blame to the person(s) behind the software and reported the most negative affect when interacting with an avatar, which was less the case for a person’s agent representative and the least for a virtual agent. Level of expertise had no significant effect and other evaluation measures were not affected.
Gervits, Felix; Leuski, Anton; Bonial, Claire; Gordon, Carla; Traum, David
A Classification-Based Approach to Automating Human-Robot Dialogue Journal Article
In: pp. 13, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ARL, Dialogue, UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{gervits_classication-based_2021,
title = {A Classification-Based Approach to Automating Human-Robot Dialogue},
author = {Felix Gervits and Anton Leuski and Claire Bonial and Carla Gordon and David Traum},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-15-9323-9_10},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9323-9_10},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-01},
pages = {13},
abstract = {We present a dialogue system based on statistical classification which was used to automate human-robot dialogue in a collaborative navigation domain. The classifier was trained on a small corpus of multi-floor Wizard-of-Oz dialogue including two wizards: one standing in for dialogue capabilities and another for navigation. Below, we describe the implementation details of the classifier and show how it was used to automate the dialogue wizard. We evaluate our system on several sets of source data from the corpus and find that response accuracy is generally high, even with very limited training data. Another contribution of this work is the novel demonstration of a dialogue manager that uses the classifier to engage in multifloor dialogue with two different human roles. Overall, this approach is useful for enabling spoken dialogue systems to produce robust and accurate responses to natural language input, and for robots that need to interact with humans in a team setting.},
keywords = {ARL, Dialogue, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We present a dialogue system based on statistical classification which was used to automate human-robot dialogue in a collaborative navigation domain. The classifier was trained on a small corpus of multi-floor Wizard-of-Oz dialogue including two wizards: one standing in for dialogue capabilities and another for navigation. Below, we describe the implementation details of the classifier and show how it was used to automate the dialogue wizard. We evaluate our system on several sets of source data from the corpus and find that response accuracy is generally high, even with very limited training data. Another contribution of this work is the novel demonstration of a dialogue manager that uses the classifier to engage in multifloor dialogue with two different human roles. Overall, this approach is useful for enabling spoken dialogue systems to produce robust and accurate responses to natural language input, and for robots that need to interact with humans in a team setting.
Melo, Celso M.; Gratch, Jonathan; Krueger, Frank
Heuristic thinking and altruism toward machines in people impacted by COVID-19 Journal Article
In: iScience, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 102228, 2021, ISSN: 25890042.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{de_melo_heuristic_2021,
title = {Heuristic thinking and altruism toward machines in people impacted by COVID-19},
author = {Celso M. Melo and Jonathan Gratch and Frank Krueger},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004221001966},
doi = {10.1016/j.isci.2021.102228},
issn = {25890042},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-01},
urldate = {2021-04-14},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {24},
number = {3},
pages = {102228},
abstract = {Autonomous machines are poised to become pervasive, but most treat machines differently: we are willing to violate social norms and less likely to display altruism toward machines. Here, we report an unexpected effect that those impacted by COVID-19—as measured by a post-traumatic stress disorder scale—show a sharp reduction in this difference. Participants engaged in the dictator game with humans and machines and, consistent with prior research on disasters, those impacted by COVID-19 displayed more altruism to other humans. Unexpectedly, participants impacted by COVID-19 displayed equal altruism toward human and machine partners. A mediation analysis suggests that altruism toward machines was explained by an increase in heuristic thinking—reinforcing prior theory that heuristic thinking encourages people to treat machines like people—and faith in technology—perhaps reflecting long-term consequences on how we act with machines. These findings give insight, but also raise concerns, for the design of technology.},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Autonomous machines are poised to become pervasive, but most treat machines differently: we are willing to violate social norms and less likely to display altruism toward machines. Here, we report an unexpected effect that those impacted by COVID-19—as measured by a post-traumatic stress disorder scale—show a sharp reduction in this difference. Participants engaged in the dictator game with humans and machines and, consistent with prior research on disasters, those impacted by COVID-19 displayed more altruism to other humans. Unexpectedly, participants impacted by COVID-19 displayed equal altruism toward human and machine partners. A mediation analysis suggests that altruism toward machines was explained by an increase in heuristic thinking—reinforcing prior theory that heuristic thinking encourages people to treat machines like people—and faith in technology—perhaps reflecting long-term consequences on how we act with machines. These findings give insight, but also raise concerns, for the design of technology.
Mell, Johnathan; Beissinger, Markus; Gratch, Jonathan
An expert-model and machine learning hybrid approach to predicting human-agent negotiation outcomes in varied data Journal Article
In: J Multimodal User Interfaces, 2021, ISSN: 1783-7677, 1783-8738.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DTIC, Machine Learning, UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{mell_expert-model_2021,
title = {An expert-model and machine learning hybrid approach to predicting human-agent negotiation outcomes in varied data},
author = {Johnathan Mell and Markus Beissinger and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12193-021-00368-w},
doi = {10.1007/s12193-021-00368-w},
issn = {1783-7677, 1783-8738},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-01},
urldate = {2021-04-15},
journal = {J Multimodal User Interfaces},
abstract = {We present the results of a machine-learning approach to the analysis of several human-agent negotiation studies. By combining expert knowledge of negotiating behavior compiled over a series of empirical studies with neural networks, we show that a hybrid approach to parameter selection yields promise for designing more effective and socially intelligent agents. Specifically, we show that a deep feedforward neural network using a theory-driven three-parameter model can be effective in predicting negotiation outcomes. Furthermore, it outperforms other expert-designed models that use more parameters, as well as those using other techniques (such as linear regression models or boosted decision trees). In a follow-up study, we show that the most successful models change as the dataset size increases and the prediction targets change, and show that boosted decision trees may not be suitable for the negotiation domain. We anticipate these results will have impact for those seeking to combine extensive domain knowledge with more automated approaches in human-computer negotiation. Further, we show that this approach can be a stepping stone from purely exploratory research to targeted human-behavioral experimentation. Through our approach, areas of social artificial intelligence that have historically benefited from expert knowledge and traditional AI approaches can be combined with more recent proven-effective machine learning algorithms.},
keywords = {DTIC, Machine Learning, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We present the results of a machine-learning approach to the analysis of several human-agent negotiation studies. By combining expert knowledge of negotiating behavior compiled over a series of empirical studies with neural networks, we show that a hybrid approach to parameter selection yields promise for designing more effective and socially intelligent agents. Specifically, we show that a deep feedforward neural network using a theory-driven three-parameter model can be effective in predicting negotiation outcomes. Furthermore, it outperforms other expert-designed models that use more parameters, as well as those using other techniques (such as linear regression models or boosted decision trees). In a follow-up study, we show that the most successful models change as the dataset size increases and the prediction targets change, and show that boosted decision trees may not be suitable for the negotiation domain. We anticipate these results will have impact for those seeking to combine extensive domain knowledge with more automated approaches in human-computer negotiation. Further, we show that this approach can be a stepping stone from purely exploratory research to targeted human-behavioral experimentation. Through our approach, areas of social artificial intelligence that have historically benefited from expert knowledge and traditional AI approaches can be combined with more recent proven-effective machine learning algorithms.
Gordon, Carla; Georgila, Kallirroi; Yanov, Volodymyr; Traum, David
Towards Personalization of Spoken Dialogue System Communication Strategies Book Section
In: D'Haro, Luis Fernando; Callejas, Zoraida; Nakamura, Satoshi (Ed.): Conversational Dialogue Systems for the Next Decade, vol. 704, pp. 145–160, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2021, ISBN: 9789811583940 9789811583957, (Series Title: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Dialogue, Natural Language, UARC, Virtual Humans
@incollection{dharo_towards_2021,
title = {Towards Personalization of Spoken Dialogue System Communication Strategies},
author = {Carla Gordon and Kallirroi Georgila and Volodymyr Yanov and David Traum},
editor = {Luis Fernando D'Haro and Zoraida Callejas and Satoshi Nakamura},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-15-8395-7_11},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-15-8395-7_11},
isbn = {9789811583940 9789811583957},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-04-15},
booktitle = {Conversational Dialogue Systems for the Next Decade},
volume = {704},
pages = {145--160},
publisher = {Springer Singapore},
address = {Singapore},
abstract = {This study examines the effects of 3 conversational traits – Register, Explicitness, and Misunderstandings – on user satisfaction and the perception of specific subjective features for Virtual Home Assistant spoken dialogue systems. Eight different system profiles were created, each representing a different combination of these 3 traits. We then utilized a novel Wizard of Oz data collection tool and recruited participants who interacted with the 8 different system profiles, and then rated the systems on 7 subjective features. Surprisingly, we found that systems which made errors were preferred overall, with the statistical analysis revealing error-prone systems were rated higher than systems which made no errors for all 7 of the subjective features rated. There were also some interesting interaction effects between the 3 conversational traits, such as implicit confirmations being preferred for systems employing a “conversational” Register, while explicit confirmations were preferred for systems employing a “formal” Register, even though there was no overall main effect for Explicitness. This experimental framework offers a fine-grained approach to the evaluation of user satisfaction which looks towards the personalization of communication strategies for spoken dialogue systems.},
note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering},
keywords = {Dialogue, Natural Language, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
This study examines the effects of 3 conversational traits – Register, Explicitness, and Misunderstandings – on user satisfaction and the perception of specific subjective features for Virtual Home Assistant spoken dialogue systems. Eight different system profiles were created, each representing a different combination of these 3 traits. We then utilized a novel Wizard of Oz data collection tool and recruited participants who interacted with the 8 different system profiles, and then rated the systems on 7 subjective features. Surprisingly, we found that systems which made errors were preferred overall, with the statistical analysis revealing error-prone systems were rated higher than systems which made no errors for all 7 of the subjective features rated. There were also some interesting interaction effects between the 3 conversational traits, such as implicit confirmations being preferred for systems employing a “conversational” Register, while explicit confirmations were preferred for systems employing a “formal” Register, even though there was no overall main effect for Explicitness. This experimental framework offers a fine-grained approach to the evaluation of user satisfaction which looks towards the personalization of communication strategies for spoken dialogue systems.
Brixey, Jacqueline; Traum, David
Masheli: A Choctaw-English Bilingual Chatbot Book Section
In: D'Haro, Luis Fernando; Callejas, Zoraida; Nakamura, Satoshi (Ed.): Conversational Dialogue Systems for the Next Decade, vol. 704, pp. 41–50, Springer Singapore, Singapore, 2021, ISBN: 9789811583940 9789811583957, (Series Title: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Natural Language, UARC, Virtual Humans
@incollection{dharo_masheli_2021,
title = {Masheli: A Choctaw-English Bilingual Chatbot},
author = {Jacqueline Brixey and David Traum},
editor = {Luis Fernando D'Haro and Zoraida Callejas and Satoshi Nakamura},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-15-8395-7_4},
doi = {10.1007/978-981-15-8395-7_4},
isbn = {9789811583940 9789811583957},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-04-15},
booktitle = {Conversational Dialogue Systems for the Next Decade},
volume = {704},
pages = {41--50},
publisher = {Springer Singapore},
address = {Singapore},
abstract = {We present the implementation of an autonomous Choctaw-English bilingual chatbot. Choctaw is an American indigenous language. The intended use of the chatbot is for Choctaw language learners to practice. The system’s backend is NPCEditor, a response selection program that is trained on linked questions and answers. The chatbot’s answers are stories and conversational utterances in both languages. We experiment with the ability of NPCEditor to appropriately respond to language mixed utterances, and describe a pilot study with Choctaw-English speakers.},
note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering},
keywords = {Natural Language, UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
We present the implementation of an autonomous Choctaw-English bilingual chatbot. Choctaw is an American indigenous language. The intended use of the chatbot is for Choctaw language learners to practice. The system’s backend is NPCEditor, a response selection program that is trained on linked questions and answers. The chatbot’s answers are stories and conversational utterances in both languages. We experiment with the ability of NPCEditor to appropriately respond to language mixed utterances, and describe a pilot study with Choctaw-English speakers.
Lee, Minha; Lucas, Gale; Gratch, Jonathan
Comparing mind perception in strategic exchanges: human-agent negotiation, dictator and ultimatum games Journal Article
In: J Multimodal User Interfaces, 2021, ISSN: 1783-7677, 1783-8738.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{lee_comparing_2021,
title = {Comparing mind perception in strategic exchanges: human-agent negotiation, dictator and ultimatum games},
author = {Minha Lee and Gale Lucas and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12193-020-00356-6},
doi = {10.1007/s12193-020-00356-6},
issn = {1783-7677, 1783-8738},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-04-15},
journal = {J Multimodal User Interfaces},
abstract = {Recent research shows that how we respond to other social actors depends on what sort of mind we ascribe to them. In a comparative manner, we observed how perceived minds of agents shape people’s behavior in the dictator game, ultimatum game, and negotiation against artificial agents. To do so, we varied agents’ minds on two dimensions of the mind perception theory: agency (cognitive aptitude) and patiency (affective aptitude) via descriptions and dialogs. In our first study, agents with emotional capacity garnered more allocations in the dictator game, but in the ultimatum game, agents’ described agency and affective capacity, both led to greater offers. In the second study on negotiation, agents ascribed with low-agency traits earned more points than those with high-agency traits, though the negotiation tactic was the same for all agents. Although patiency did not impact game points, participants sent more happy and surprise emojis and emotionally valenced messages to agents that demonstrated emotional capacity during negotiations. Further, our exploratory analyses indicate that people related only to agents with perceived affective aptitude across all games. Both perceived agency and affective capacity contributed to moral standing after dictator and ultimatum games. But after negotiations, only agents with perceived affective capacity were granted moral standing. Manipulating mind dimensions of machines has differing effects on how people react to them in dictator and ultimatum games, compared to a more complex economic exchange like negotiation. We discuss these results, which show that agents are perceived not only as social actors, but as intentional actors through negotiations, in contrast with simple economic games.},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Recent research shows that how we respond to other social actors depends on what sort of mind we ascribe to them. In a comparative manner, we observed how perceived minds of agents shape people’s behavior in the dictator game, ultimatum game, and negotiation against artificial agents. To do so, we varied agents’ minds on two dimensions of the mind perception theory: agency (cognitive aptitude) and patiency (affective aptitude) via descriptions and dialogs. In our first study, agents with emotional capacity garnered more allocations in the dictator game, but in the ultimatum game, agents’ described agency and affective capacity, both led to greater offers. In the second study on negotiation, agents ascribed with low-agency traits earned more points than those with high-agency traits, though the negotiation tactic was the same for all agents. Although patiency did not impact game points, participants sent more happy and surprise emojis and emotionally valenced messages to agents that demonstrated emotional capacity during negotiations. Further, our exploratory analyses indicate that people related only to agents with perceived affective aptitude across all games. Both perceived agency and affective capacity contributed to moral standing after dictator and ultimatum games. But after negotiations, only agents with perceived affective capacity were granted moral standing. Manipulating mind dimensions of machines has differing effects on how people react to them in dictator and ultimatum games, compared to a more complex economic exchange like negotiation. We discuss these results, which show that agents are perceived not only as social actors, but as intentional actors through negotiations, in contrast with simple economic games.
Gratch, Jonathan
The Promise and Peril of Automated Negotiators Journal Article
In: Negotiation Journal, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 13–34, 2021, ISSN: 0748-4526, 1571-9979.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: ARO-Coop, Virtual Humans
@article{gratch_promise_2021,
title = {The Promise and Peril of Automated Negotiators},
author = {Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nejo.12348},
doi = {10.1111/nejo.12348},
issn = {0748-4526, 1571-9979},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-04-14},
journal = {Negotiation Journal},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {13–34},
keywords = {ARO-Coop, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gratch, Jonathan
The field of Affective Computing: An interdisciplinary perspective Journal Article
In: Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 13, 2021.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Virtual Humans
@article{gratch_field_2021,
title = {The field of Affective Computing: An interdisciplinary perspective},
author = {Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://people.ict.usc.edu/~gratch/CSCI534/Readings/Gratch%20-%20The%20field%20of%20affective%20computing.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {13},
keywords = {Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Melo, Celso M.; Marsella, Stacy; Gratch, Jonathan
Risk of Injury in Moral Dilemmas With Autonomous Vehicles Journal Article
In: Front. Robot. AI, vol. 7, pp. 572529, 2021, ISSN: 2296-9144.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: UARC, Virtual Humans
@article{de_melo_risk_2021,
title = {Risk of Injury in Moral Dilemmas With Autonomous Vehicles},
author = {Celso M. Melo and Stacy Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2020.572529/full},
doi = {10.3389/frobt.2020.572529},
issn = {2296-9144},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-04-14},
journal = {Front. Robot. AI},
volume = {7},
pages = {572529},
abstract = {As autonomous machines, such as automated vehicles (AVs) and robots, become pervasive in society, they will inevitably face moral dilemmas where they must make decisions that risk injuring humans. However, prior research has framed these dilemmas in starkly simple terms, i.e., framing decisions as life and death and neglecting the influence of risk of injury to the involved parties on the outcome. Here, we focus on this gap and present experimental work that systematically studies the effect of risk of injury on the decisions people make in these dilemmas. In four experiments, participants were asked to program their AVs to either save five pedestrians, which we refer to as the utilitarian choice, or save the driver, which we refer to as the nonutilitarian choice. The results indicate that most participants made the utilitarian choice but that this choice was moderated in important ways by perceived risk to the driver and risk to the pedestrians. As a second contribution, we demonstrate the value of formulating AV moral dilemmas in a game-theoretic framework that considers the possible influence of others’ behavior. In the fourth experiment, we show that participants were more (less) likely to make the utilitarian choice, the more utilitarian (nonutilitarian) other drivers behaved; furthermore, unlike the game-theoretic prediction that decision-makers inevitably converge to nonutilitarianism, we found significant evidence of utilitarianism. We discuss theoretical implications for our understanding of human decision-making in moral dilemmas and practical guidelines for the design of autonomous machines that solve these dilemmas while, at the same time, being likely to be adopted in practice.},
keywords = {UARC, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
As autonomous machines, such as automated vehicles (AVs) and robots, become pervasive in society, they will inevitably face moral dilemmas where they must make decisions that risk injuring humans. However, prior research has framed these dilemmas in starkly simple terms, i.e., framing decisions as life and death and neglecting the influence of risk of injury to the involved parties on the outcome. Here, we focus on this gap and present experimental work that systematically studies the effect of risk of injury on the decisions people make in these dilemmas. In four experiments, participants were asked to program their AVs to either save five pedestrians, which we refer to as the utilitarian choice, or save the driver, which we refer to as the nonutilitarian choice. The results indicate that most participants made the utilitarian choice but that this choice was moderated in important ways by perceived risk to the driver and risk to the pedestrians. As a second contribution, we demonstrate the value of formulating AV moral dilemmas in a game-theoretic framework that considers the possible influence of others’ behavior. In the fourth experiment, we show that participants were more (less) likely to make the utilitarian choice, the more utilitarian (nonutilitarian) other drivers behaved; furthermore, unlike the game-theoretic prediction that decision-makers inevitably converge to nonutilitarianism, we found significant evidence of utilitarianism. We discuss theoretical implications for our understanding of human decision-making in moral dilemmas and practical guidelines for the design of autonomous machines that solve these dilemmas while, at the same time, being likely to be adopted in practice.