Publications
Search
61.
Ito, Jonathan Y.; Marsella, Stacy C.
Modeling Framing Effects Comparing an Appraisal-Based Model with Existing Models Proceedings Article
In: ACII 2013, pp. 381–386, IEEE Computer Society, 2013.
@inproceedings{ito_modeling_2013,
title = {Modeling Framing Effects Comparing an Appraisal-Based Model with Existing Models},
author = {Jonathan Y. Ito and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Framing%20Effects%20Comparing%20an%20Appraisal-Based%20Model%20with%20Existing%20Models.pdf},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-09-01},
booktitle = {ACII 2013},
pages = {381–386},
publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
abstract = {One significant challenge in creating accurate models of human decision behavior is accounting for the effects of context. Research shows that seemingly minor changes in the presentation of a decision can lead to shifts in behavior; phenomena collectively referred to as framing effects. This work presents a computational modeling analysis comparing the effectiveness of Context Dependent Utility, an appraisal-based approach to modeling the multi-dimensional effects of context on decision behavior, against Cumulative Prospect Theory, Security-Potential/Aspiration Theory, the Transfer of Attention Exchange model, and a power-based utility function. To contrast model performance, a non-linear least-squares analysis and subsequent calculation of Akaike Information Criterion scores, which take into account goodness of fit while penalizing for model complexity, are employed. Results suggest that multi-dimensional models of context and framing, such as Context Dependent Utility, can be much more accurate in modeling decisions which similarly involve multi-dimensional considerations of context. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of employing affective constructs, such as appraisal, for encoding and evaluation of context within decision-theoretic frameworks to better model and predict human decision behavior.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
One significant challenge in creating accurate models of human decision behavior is accounting for the effects of context. Research shows that seemingly minor changes in the presentation of a decision can lead to shifts in behavior; phenomena collectively referred to as framing effects. This work presents a computational modeling analysis comparing the effectiveness of Context Dependent Utility, an appraisal-based approach to modeling the multi-dimensional effects of context on decision behavior, against Cumulative Prospect Theory, Security-Potential/Aspiration Theory, the Transfer of Attention Exchange model, and a power-based utility function. To contrast model performance, a non-linear least-squares analysis and subsequent calculation of Akaike Information Criterion scores, which take into account goodness of fit while penalizing for model complexity, are employed. Results suggest that multi-dimensional models of context and framing, such as Context Dependent Utility, can be much more accurate in modeling decisions which similarly involve multi-dimensional considerations of context. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of employing affective constructs, such as appraisal, for encoding and evaluation of context within decision-theoretic frameworks to better model and predict human decision behavior.
62.
Wang, Ning; Pynadath, David V.; Marsella, Stacy C.
Subjective Perceptions in Wartime Negotiation Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, pp. 540 –545, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
@inproceedings{wang_subjective_2013,
title = {Subjective Perceptions in Wartime Negotiation},
author = {Ning Wang and David V. Pynadath and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6681486&tag=1},
doi = {10.1109/ACII.2013.95},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-09-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction},
pages = {540 –545},
address = {Geneva, Switzerland},
abstract = {The prevalence of negotiation in social interaction has motivated researchers to develop virtual agents that can understand, facilitate, teach and even carry out negotiations. While much of this research has analyzed how to maximize the objective outcome, there is a growing body of work demonstrating that subjective perceptions of the outcome also play a critical role in human negotiation behavior. People derive subjective value from not only the outcome, but also from the process by which they achieve that outcome, from their relationship with their negotiation partner, etc. The affective responses evoked by these subjective valuations can be very different from what would be evoked by the objective outcome alone. We investigate such subjective valuations within human-agent negotiation in four variations of a wartime negotiation game. We observe that the objective outcomes of these negotiations are not strongly correlated with the human negotiators’ subjective perceptions, as measured by the Subjective Value Index. We examine the game dynamics and agent behaviors to identify features that induce different subjective values in the participants. We thus are able to identify characteristics of the negotiation process and the agents’ behavior that most impact people’s subjective valuations in our wartime negotiation games.⬚},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The prevalence of negotiation in social interaction has motivated researchers to develop virtual agents that can understand, facilitate, teach and even carry out negotiations. While much of this research has analyzed how to maximize the objective outcome, there is a growing body of work demonstrating that subjective perceptions of the outcome also play a critical role in human negotiation behavior. People derive subjective value from not only the outcome, but also from the process by which they achieve that outcome, from their relationship with their negotiation partner, etc. The affective responses evoked by these subjective valuations can be very different from what would be evoked by the objective outcome alone. We investigate such subjective valuations within human-agent negotiation in four variations of a wartime negotiation game. We observe that the objective outcomes of these negotiations are not strongly correlated with the human negotiators’ subjective perceptions, as measured by the Subjective Value Index. We examine the game dynamics and agent behaviors to identify features that induce different subjective values in the participants. We thus are able to identify characteristics of the negotiation process and the agents’ behavior that most impact people’s subjective valuations in our wartime negotiation games.⬚
63.
Pynadath, David V.; Wang, Ning; Marsella, Stacy C.
Computational Models of Human Behavior in Wartime Negotiations Proceedings Article
In: Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Berlin, Germany, 2013.
@inproceedings{pynadath_computational_2013,
title = {Computational Models of Human Behavior in Wartime Negotiations},
author = {David V. Pynadath and Ning Wang and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Computational%20Models%20of%20Human%20Behavior%20in%20Wartime%20Negotiations.pdf},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-08-01},
booktitle = {Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society},
address = {Berlin, Germany},
abstract = {Political scientists are increasingly turning to game-theoretic models to understand and predict the behavior of national leaders in wartime scenarios, where two sides have the options of seeking resolution at either the bargaining table or on the battlefield. While the theoretical analyses of these models is suggestive of their ability to capture these scenarios, it is not clear to what degree human behavior conforms to such equilibrium-based expectations. We present the results of a study that placed people within two of these game models, playing against an intelligent agent. We consider several testable hypotheses drawn from the theoretical analyses and evaluate the degree to which the observed human decisionmaking conforms to those hypotheses.⬚⬚⬚⬚},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Political scientists are increasingly turning to game-theoretic models to understand and predict the behavior of national leaders in wartime scenarios, where two sides have the options of seeking resolution at either the bargaining table or on the battlefield. While the theoretical analyses of these models is suggestive of their ability to capture these scenarios, it is not clear to what degree human behavior conforms to such equilibrium-based expectations. We present the results of a study that placed people within two of these game models, playing against an intelligent agent. We consider several testable hypotheses drawn from the theoretical analyses and evaluate the degree to which the observed human decisionmaking conforms to those hypotheses.⬚⬚⬚⬚
64.
Ito, Jonathan Y.; Marsella, Stacy C.
Context Dependent Utility: Modeling Decision Behavior Across Contexts Proceedings Article
In: Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Berlin, Germany, 2013.
@inproceedings{ito_context_2013,
title = {Context Dependent Utility: Modeling Decision Behavior Across Contexts},
author = {Jonathan Y. Ito and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Context%20Dependent%20Utility-%20Modeling%20Decision%20Behavior%20Across%20Contexts.pdf},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-08-01},
booktitle = {Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society},
address = {Berlin, Germany},
abstract = {One significant challenge in creating accurate models of human decision behavior is accounting for the effect of context. Research shows that seemingly minor changes in the presentation of a decision can lead to drastic shifts in behavior; phenomena collectively referred to as framing effects. Previous work has developed Context Dependent Utility (CDU), a framework integrating Appraisal Theory with decision-theoretic principles. This work extends existing research by presenting a study exploring the behavioral predictions offered by CDU regarding the multidimensional effect of context on decision behavior. The present study finds support for the predictions of CDU regarding the impact of context on decisions: 1) as perceptions of pleasantness increase, decision behavior tends towards riskaversion; 2) as perceptions of goal-congruence increase, decision behavior tends towards risk-aversion; 3) as perceptions of controllability increase, i.e., perceptions that outcomes would have been primarily caused by the decision maker, behavior tends towards risk-seeking.⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
One significant challenge in creating accurate models of human decision behavior is accounting for the effect of context. Research shows that seemingly minor changes in the presentation of a decision can lead to drastic shifts in behavior; phenomena collectively referred to as framing effects. Previous work has developed Context Dependent Utility (CDU), a framework integrating Appraisal Theory with decision-theoretic principles. This work extends existing research by presenting a study exploring the behavioral predictions offered by CDU regarding the multidimensional effect of context on decision behavior. The present study finds support for the predictions of CDU regarding the impact of context on decisions: 1) as perceptions of pleasantness increase, decision behavior tends towards riskaversion; 2) as perceptions of goal-congruence increase, decision behavior tends towards risk-aversion; 3) as perceptions of controllability increase, i.e., perceptions that outcomes would have been primarily caused by the decision maker, behavior tends towards risk-seeking.⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚⬚
65.
Pynadath, David V.; Wang, Ning; Marsella, Stacy C.
Are you thinking what I'm thinking? An Evaluation of Simplified Theory of Mind Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Humans, Edinburgh, UK, 2013.
@inproceedings{pynadath_are_2013,
title = {Are you thinking what I'm thinking? An Evaluation of Simplified Theory of Mind},
author = {David V. Pynadath and Ning Wang and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Are%20you%20thinking%20what%20Im%20thinking%20An%20Evaluation%20of%20Simplified%20Theory%20of%20Mind.pdf},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-08-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Humans},
address = {Edinburgh, UK},
abstract = {We examine the effectiveness of an agent's approximate theory of mind when interacting with human players in a wartime negotitation game. We first measure how accurately the agent's theory of mind captured the players' actual behavior. We observe significant overlap between the players' behavior and the agents' idealized expectations, but we also observe significant deviations. Forming an incorrect expectation about a person is not inherently damaging, so we then analyzed how different deviations affected the game outcomes. We observe that many classes of inaccuracy in the agent's theory of mind did not hurt the agent's performance and, in fact, some of them played to the agent's benefit. The results suggest potential advantages to giving an agent a computational model of theory of mind that is overly simplified, especially as a first step when investigating a domain with as much uncertainty as a wartime negotation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We examine the effectiveness of an agent's approximate theory of mind when interacting with human players in a wartime negotitation game. We first measure how accurately the agent's theory of mind captured the players' actual behavior. We observe significant overlap between the players' behavior and the agents' idealized expectations, but we also observe significant deviations. Forming an incorrect expectation about a person is not inherently damaging, so we then analyzed how different deviations affected the game outcomes. We observe that many classes of inaccuracy in the agent's theory of mind did not hurt the agent's performance and, in fact, some of them played to the agent's benefit. The results suggest potential advantages to giving an agent a computational model of theory of mind that is overly simplified, especially as a first step when investigating a domain with as much uncertainty as a wartime negotation.
66.
Lanquepin, Vincent; Lourdeaux, Domitile; Barot, Camille; Carpentier, Paul; Lhommet, Margaux; Amokrane, Kahina
HUMANS: a HUman Models Based Artificial eNvironments Software Platform Proceedings Article
In: Virtual Reality International Conference: Laval Virtual, ACM, Laval, France, 2013.
@inproceedings{lanquepin_humans_2013,
title = {HUMANS: a HUman Models Based Artificial eNvironments Software Platform},
author = {Vincent Lanquepin and Domitile Lourdeaux and Camille Barot and Paul Carpentier and Margaux Lhommet and Kahina Amokrane},
url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2466826},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-03-01},
booktitle = {Virtual Reality International Conference: Laval Virtual},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {Laval, France},
abstract = {Taking human-factors into account in training simulations enables these systems to address issues such as coactivity and management training. However, systems which use virtual reality technologies are usually designed so as to immerse the users in perfectly realistic virtual environment, focusing only on technical gestures and prescribed procedures. Therefore, they can only tackle situations with little complexity, where the user’s activity is highly constrained; otherwise they can’t ensure the pedagogic control and the relevance of the simulation. The HUMANS (HUman Models based Artificial eNvironments Software) platform is a generic framework, designed to build tailor-made virtual environments, which can be adapted to different application cases, technological configurations or pedagogical strategies. This suite rests upon the integration of multiple explicit models (domain, activity and risk model). In order to build ecologically valid virtual environments, these models represent not only the prescribed activity but the situated knowledge of operators about their tasks, including deviations from the procedures. Moreover, rather than a fixed world only populated by reactive characters, they are used to build a dynamic world populated with autonomous characters. These models can be used both by domain and procedures experts, and by computer experts. They are used both: to monitor learners actions, detecting errors and compromises; and to generate virtual characters behaviours.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Taking human-factors into account in training simulations enables these systems to address issues such as coactivity and management training. However, systems which use virtual reality technologies are usually designed so as to immerse the users in perfectly realistic virtual environment, focusing only on technical gestures and prescribed procedures. Therefore, they can only tackle situations with little complexity, where the user’s activity is highly constrained; otherwise they can’t ensure the pedagogic control and the relevance of the simulation. The HUMANS (HUman Models based Artificial eNvironments Software) platform is a generic framework, designed to build tailor-made virtual environments, which can be adapted to different application cases, technological configurations or pedagogical strategies. This suite rests upon the integration of multiple explicit models (domain, activity and risk model). In order to build ecologically valid virtual environments, these models represent not only the prescribed activity but the situated knowledge of operators about their tasks, including deviations from the procedures. Moreover, rather than a fixed world only populated by reactive characters, they are used to build a dynamic world populated with autonomous characters. These models can be used both by domain and procedures experts, and by computer experts. They are used both: to monitor learners actions, detecting errors and compromises; and to generate virtual characters behaviours.
67.
Tsai, Jason; Bowring, Emma; Marsella, Stacy C.; Tambe, Milind
Empirical evaluation of computational fear contagion models in crowd dispersions Journal Article
In: Journal Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 2013.
@article{tsai_empirical_2013,
title = {Empirical evaluation of computational fear contagion models in crowd dispersions},
author = {Jason Tsai and Emma Bowring and Stacy C. Marsella and Milind Tambe},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Empirical%20evaluation%20of%20computational%20fear%20contagion%20models%20in%20crowd%20dispersions.pdf},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-02-01},
journal = {Journal Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems},
abstract = {In social psychology, emotional contagion describes the widely observed phenomenon of one person’s emotions being influenced by surrounding people’s emotions.While the overall effect is agreed upon, the underlying mechanism of the spread of emotions has seen little quantification and application to computational agents despite extensive evidence of its impacts in everyday life. In this paper, we examine computational models of emotional contagion by implementing two models (Bosse et al., European council on modeling and simulation, pp. 212–218, 2009) and Durupinar, From audiences to mobs: Crowd simulation with psychological factors, PhD dissertation, Bilkent University, 2010) that draw from two separate lines of contagion research: thermodynamics-based and epidemiological-based. We first perform sensitivity tests on each model in an evacuation simulation, ESCAPES, showing both models to be reasonably robust to parameter variations with certain exceptions. We then compare their ability to reproduce a real crowd panic scene in simulation, showing that the thermodynamics-style model (Bosse et al., European council on modeling and simulation, pp. 212–218, 2009) produces superior results due to the ill-suited contagion mechanism at the core of epidemiological models. We also identify that a graduated effect of fear and proximity-based contagion effects are key to producing the superior results. We then reproduce the methodology on a second video, showing that the same results hold, implying generality of the conclusions reached in the first scene.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In social psychology, emotional contagion describes the widely observed phenomenon of one person’s emotions being influenced by surrounding people’s emotions.While the overall effect is agreed upon, the underlying mechanism of the spread of emotions has seen little quantification and application to computational agents despite extensive evidence of its impacts in everyday life. In this paper, we examine computational models of emotional contagion by implementing two models (Bosse et al., European council on modeling and simulation, pp. 212–218, 2009) and Durupinar, From audiences to mobs: Crowd simulation with psychological factors, PhD dissertation, Bilkent University, 2010) that draw from two separate lines of contagion research: thermodynamics-based and epidemiological-based. We first perform sensitivity tests on each model in an evacuation simulation, ESCAPES, showing both models to be reasonably robust to parameter variations with certain exceptions. We then compare their ability to reproduce a real crowd panic scene in simulation, showing that the thermodynamics-style model (Bosse et al., European council on modeling and simulation, pp. 212–218, 2009) produces superior results due to the ill-suited contagion mechanism at the core of epidemiological models. We also identify that a graduated effect of fear and proximity-based contagion effects are key to producing the superior results. We then reproduce the methodology on a second video, showing that the same results hold, implying generality of the conclusions reached in the first scene.
68.
Tsai, Jason; Bowring, Emma; Marsella, Stacy C.; Wood, Wendy; Tambe, Milind
A Study of Emotional Contagion with Virtual Characters Proceedings Article
In: The 12th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA), Santa Cruz, CA, 2012.
@inproceedings{tsai_study_2012,
title = {A Study of Emotional Contagion with Virtual Characters},
author = {Jason Tsai and Emma Bowring and Stacy C. Marsella and Wendy Wood and Milind Tambe},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20Study%20of%20Emotional%20Contagion%20with%20Virtual%20Characters.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-09-01},
booktitle = {The 12th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA)},
address = {Santa Cruz, CA},
abstract = {In social psychology, emotional contagion describes the widely observed phenomenon of one person’s emotions mimicking surrounding people's emotions [10]. In this paper, we perform a battery of experiments to explore the existence of agent-human emotional contagion. The first study is a between subjects design, wherein subjects were shown an image of a character's face with either a neutral or happy expression. Findings indicate that even a still image induces a very strong increase in self-reported happiness between Neutral and Happy conditions with all characters tested. In a second study, we examine the effect of a virtual character's presence in a strategic decision by presenting subjects with a modernized Stag Hunt game. Our experiments show that the contagion effect is substantially dampened and does not cause a consistent impact on behavior. A third study explores the impact of the strategic situation within the Stag Hunt and conducts the same experiment using a description of the same strategic situation with the decision already made. We find that the emotional impact returns, implying that the contagion effect is substantially lessened in the presence of a strategic decision.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In social psychology, emotional contagion describes the widely observed phenomenon of one person’s emotions mimicking surrounding people's emotions [10]. In this paper, we perform a battery of experiments to explore the existence of agent-human emotional contagion. The first study is a between subjects design, wherein subjects were shown an image of a character's face with either a neutral or happy expression. Findings indicate that even a still image induces a very strong increase in self-reported happiness between Neutral and Happy conditions with all characters tested. In a second study, we examine the effect of a virtual character's presence in a strategic decision by presenting subjects with a modernized Stag Hunt game. Our experiments show that the contagion effect is substantially dampened and does not cause a consistent impact on behavior. A third study explores the impact of the strategic situation within the Stag Hunt and conducts the same experiment using a description of the same strategic situation with the decision already made. We find that the emotional impact returns, implying that the contagion effect is substantially lessened in the presence of a strategic decision.
69.
Traum, David; DeVault, David; Lee, Jina; Wang, Zhiyang; Marsella, Stacy C.
Incremental Dialogue Understanding and Feedback for Multi-party, Multimodal Conversation Proceedings Article
In: The 12th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA), Santa Cruz, CA, 2012.
@inproceedings{traum_incremental_2012,
title = {Incremental Dialogue Understanding and Feedback for Multi-party, Multimodal Conversation},
author = {David Traum and David DeVault and Jina Lee and Zhiyang Wang and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Incremental%20Dialogue%20Understanding%20and%20Feedback%20for%20Multi-party%20Multimodal%20Conversation.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-09-01},
booktitle = {The 12th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA)},
address = {Santa Cruz, CA},
abstract = {In order to provide comprehensive listening behavior, virtual humans engaged in dialogue need to incrementally listen, interpret, understand, and react to what someone is saying, in real time, as they are saying it. In this paper, we describe an implemented system for engaging in multiparty dialogue, including incremental understanding and a range of feedback. We present an FML message extension for feedback in multipary dialogue that can be connected to a feedback realizer. We also describe how the important aspects of that message are calculated by different modules involved in partial input processing as a speaker is talking in a multiparty dialogue.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In order to provide comprehensive listening behavior, virtual humans engaged in dialogue need to incrementally listen, interpret, understand, and react to what someone is saying, in real time, as they are saying it. In this paper, we describe an implemented system for engaging in multiparty dialogue, including incremental understanding and a range of feedback. We present an FML message extension for feedback in multipary dialogue that can be connected to a feedback realizer. We also describe how the important aspects of that message are calculated by different modules involved in partial input processing as a speaker is talking in a multiparty dialogue.
70.
Pynadath, David V.; Marsella, Stacy C.
Socio-Cultural Modeling through Decision-Theoretic Agents with Theory of Mind Proceedings Article
In: The 2nd International Conference on Cross-Cultural Decision Making, San Francisco, CA, 2012.
@inproceedings{pynadath_socio-cultural_2012,
title = {Socio-Cultural Modeling through Decision-Theoretic Agents with Theory of Mind},
author = {David V. Pynadath and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Socio-Cultural%20Modeling%20through%20Decision-Theoretic%20Agents%20with%20Theory%20of%20Mind.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-07-01},
booktitle = {The 2nd International Conference on Cross-Cultural Decision Making},
address = {San Francisco, CA},
abstract = {PsychSim is an agent-based social simulation framework that captures a wide range of the individual and cultural differences exhibited in complex social scenar- ios. PsychSim takes a decision-theoretic approach to modeling Theory of Mind, giving its agents a rich space of beliefs and preferences. PsychSim also uses a unique piecewise linear representation language that allows it to reason backward from observed behavior to infer consistent parameter settings. We first applied PsychSim to the exploratory simulation of influence campaigns in the face of a heterogeneous socio-cultural arena of operations. More recently, we have used PsychSim in a range of simulation-based training systems designed to teach skills such as the correct use of language, gestures, and social norms of a foreign culture, cross-cultural negotiation, avoidance of risky behavior, and urban stabilization operations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
PsychSim is an agent-based social simulation framework that captures a wide range of the individual and cultural differences exhibited in complex social scenar- ios. PsychSim takes a decision-theoretic approach to modeling Theory of Mind, giving its agents a rich space of beliefs and preferences. PsychSim also uses a unique piecewise linear representation language that allows it to reason backward from observed behavior to infer consistent parameter settings. We first applied PsychSim to the exploratory simulation of influence campaigns in the face of a heterogeneous socio-cultural arena of operations. More recently, we have used PsychSim in a range of simulation-based training systems designed to teach skills such as the correct use of language, gestures, and social norms of a foreign culture, cross-cultural negotiation, avoidance of risky behavior, and urban stabilization operations.
71.
Wang, Ning; Pynadath, David V.; Marsella, Stacy C.
Toward Automatic Verification of Multiagent Systems for Training Simulations Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pp. 151–161, Crete, 2012.
@inproceedings{wang_toward_2012,
title = {Toward Automatic Verification of Multiagent Systems for Training Simulations},
author = {Ning Wang and David V. Pynadath and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Toward%20Automatic%20Veri%EF%AC%81cation%20of%20Multiagent%20Systems%20for%20Training%20Simulations.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-06-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems},
pages = {151–161},
address = {Crete},
abstract = {Advances in multiagent systems have led to their successful application in experiential training simulations, where students learn by interacting with agents who represent people, groups, structures, etc. These multiagent simulations must model the training scenario so that the students’ success is correlated with the degree to which they follow the intended pedagogy. As these simulations increase in size and richness, it becomes harder to guarantee that the agents accurately encode the pedagogy. Testing with human subjects provides the most accurate feedback, but it can explore only a limited subspace of simulation paths. In this paper, we present a mechanism for using human data to verify the degree to which the simulation encodes the intended pedagogy. Starting with an analysis of data from a deployed multiagent training simulation, we then present an automated mechanism for using the human data to generate a distribution appropriate for sampling simulation paths. By generalizing from a small set of human data, the automated approach can systematically explore a much larger space of possible training paths and verify the degree to which a multiagent training simulation adheres to its intended pedagogy.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Advances in multiagent systems have led to their successful application in experiential training simulations, where students learn by interacting with agents who represent people, groups, structures, etc. These multiagent simulations must model the training scenario so that the students’ success is correlated with the degree to which they follow the intended pedagogy. As these simulations increase in size and richness, it becomes harder to guarantee that the agents accurately encode the pedagogy. Testing with human subjects provides the most accurate feedback, but it can explore only a limited subspace of simulation paths. In this paper, we present a mechanism for using human data to verify the degree to which the simulation encodes the intended pedagogy. Starting with an analysis of data from a deployed multiagent training simulation, we then present an automated mechanism for using the human data to generate a distribution appropriate for sampling simulation paths. By generalizing from a small set of human data, the automated approach can systematically explore a much larger space of possible training paths and verify the degree to which a multiagent training simulation adheres to its intended pedagogy.
72.
Tsai, Jason; Bowring, Emma; Marsella, Stacy C.; Wood, Wendy; Tambe, Milind
Preliminary Exploration of Agent-Human Emotional Contagion via Static Expressions Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), Valencia, Spain, 2012.
@inproceedings{tsai_preliminary_2012,
title = {Preliminary Exploration of Agent-Human Emotional Contagion via Static Expressions},
author = {Jason Tsai and Emma Bowring and Stacy C. Marsella and Wendy Wood and Milind Tambe},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Preliminary%20Exploration%20of%20Agent-Human%20Emotional%20Contagion%20via%20Static%20Expressions.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-06-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
address = {Valencia, Spain},
abstract = {In social psychology, emotional contagion describes the widely observed phenomenon of one person’s emotions mimicking surrounding people’s emotions [13]. While it has been observed in humanhuman interactions, no known studies have examined its existence in agent-human interactions. As virtual characters make their way into high-risk, high-impact applications such as psychotherapy and military training with increasing frequency, the emotional impact of the agents’ expressions must be accurately understood to avoid undesirable repercussions. In this paper, we perform a battery of experiments to explore the existence of agent-human emotional contagion. The first study is a between-subjects design, wherein subjects were shown an image of a character’s face with either a neutral or happy expression. Findings indicate that even a still image induces a very strong increase in self-reported happiness between Neutral and Happy conditions with all characters tested and, to our knowledge, is the first ever study explicitly showing emotional contagion from a virtual agent to a human. We also examine the effects of participant gender, participant ethnicity, character attractiveness, and perceived character happiness and find that only perceived character happiness has a substantial impact on emotional contagion. In a second study, we examine the effect of a virtual character’s presence in a strategic situation by presenting subjects with a modernized Stag Hunt game. Our experiments show that the contagion effect is substantially dampened and does not cause a consistent impact on behavior. A third study explores the impact of the strategic decision within the Stag Hunt and conducts the same experiment using a description of the same strategic situation with the decision already made. We find that the emotional impact returns again, particularly for women, implying that the contagion effect is substantially lessened in the presence of a strategic decision.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In social psychology, emotional contagion describes the widely observed phenomenon of one person’s emotions mimicking surrounding people’s emotions [13]. While it has been observed in humanhuman interactions, no known studies have examined its existence in agent-human interactions. As virtual characters make their way into high-risk, high-impact applications such as psychotherapy and military training with increasing frequency, the emotional impact of the agents’ expressions must be accurately understood to avoid undesirable repercussions. In this paper, we perform a battery of experiments to explore the existence of agent-human emotional contagion. The first study is a between-subjects design, wherein subjects were shown an image of a character’s face with either a neutral or happy expression. Findings indicate that even a still image induces a very strong increase in self-reported happiness between Neutral and Happy conditions with all characters tested and, to our knowledge, is the first ever study explicitly showing emotional contagion from a virtual agent to a human. We also examine the effects of participant gender, participant ethnicity, character attractiveness, and perceived character happiness and find that only perceived character happiness has a substantial impact on emotional contagion. In a second study, we examine the effect of a virtual character’s presence in a strategic situation by presenting subjects with a modernized Stag Hunt game. Our experiments show that the contagion effect is substantially dampened and does not cause a consistent impact on behavior. A third study explores the impact of the strategic decision within the Stag Hunt and conducts the same experiment using a description of the same strategic situation with the decision already made. We find that the emotional impact returns again, particularly for women, implying that the contagion effect is substantially lessened in the presence of a strategic decision.
73.
Chen, Junda; Demski, Abram; Han, Teawon; Morency, Louis-Philippe; Pynadath, David V.; Rafidi, Nicole; Rosenbloom, Paul
Fusing symbolic and decision-theoretic problem solving + perception in a graphical cognitive architecture Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architecture (BICA), Arlington, VA, 2011.
@inproceedings{chen_fusing_2011,
title = {Fusing symbolic and decision-theoretic problem solving + perception in a graphical cognitive architecture},
author = {Junda Chen and Abram Demski and Teawon Han and Louis-Philippe Morency and David V. Pynadath and Nicole Rafidi and Paul Rosenbloom},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Fusing%20symbolic%20and%20decision-theoretic%20problem%20solving%20+%20perception%20in%20a%20graphical%20cognitive%20architecture.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architecture (BICA)},
address = {Arlington, VA},
abstract = {A step is taken towards fusing symbolic and decision-theoretic problem solving in a cognitive architecture by implementing the latter in an architecture within which the former has already been demonstrated. The graphical models upon which the architecture is based enable a uniform implementation of both varieties of problem solving. They also enable a uniform combination with forms of decision-relevant perception, highlighting a potential path towards a tight coupling between central cognition and peripheral perception.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A step is taken towards fusing symbolic and decision-theoretic problem solving in a cognitive architecture by implementing the latter in an architecture within which the former has already been demonstrated. The graphical models upon which the architecture is based enable a uniform implementation of both varieties of problem solving. They also enable a uniform combination with forms of decision-relevant perception, highlighting a potential path towards a tight coupling between central cognition and peripheral perception.
74.
Klatt, Jennifer; Marsella, Stacy C.; Krämer, Nicole C.
Negotiations in the Context of AIDS Prevention: An Agent-Based Model Using Theory of Mind Proceedings Article
In: The 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2011), Reykjavik, Iceland, 2011.
@inproceedings{klatt_negotiations_2011,
title = {Negotiations in the Context of AIDS Prevention: An Agent-Based Model Using Theory of Mind},
author = {Jennifer Klatt and Stacy C. Marsella and Nicole C. Krämer},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Negotiations%20in%20the%20Context%20of%20AIDS%20Prevention-%20An%20Agent-Based%20Model%20Using%20Theory%20of%20Mind.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-09-01},
booktitle = {The 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2011)},
address = {Reykjavik, Iceland},
abstract = {For the purpose of an AIDS prevention game, a model was developed that focuses on training safe sex negotiations. Non-player characters in the game are socially intelligent agents that are equipped with a Theory of Mind that allows them to reason about the mental processes and behavior of others. The underlying model for the negotiation about safe sex between player and agent was implemented in multi-agent simulation software. It consists of two agents who have different goals of either safe or unsafe sex, actions to achieve these goals, and the wish to come to an agreement. The model was evaluated for the agent-agent conversation to test the basic functioning.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
For the purpose of an AIDS prevention game, a model was developed that focuses on training safe sex negotiations. Non-player characters in the game are socially intelligent agents that are equipped with a Theory of Mind that allows them to reason about the mental processes and behavior of others. The underlying model for the negotiation about safe sex between player and agent was implemented in multi-agent simulation software. It consists of two agents who have different goals of either safe or unsafe sex, actions to achieve these goals, and the wish to come to an agreement. The model was evaluated for the agent-agent conversation to test the basic functioning.
75.
Lee, Jina; Marsella, Stacy C.
Modeling Side Participants and Bystanders: The Importance of Being a Laugh Track Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2011.
@inproceedings{lee_modeling_2011,
title = {Modeling Side Participants and Bystanders: The Importance of Being a Laugh Track},
author = {Jina Lee and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Side%20Participants%20and%20Bystanders.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-09-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents},
address = {Reykjavik, Iceland},
abstract = {Research in virtual agents has largely ignored the role and behavior of side participants and especially bystanders. Our view is that the behavior of these other participants is critical in multi-party interactions, especially in interactive drama. In this paper, we provide an analysis of nonverbal behaviors associated with these roles. We ⬚first review studies of interpersonal relationships and nonverbal behavior. From this review, we construct an analysis framework based on characters' interpersonal relationships, conversational roles, and communicative acts. We then assess this framework by analyzing improv sessions of an old west scenario involving 4 characters. Informed by this analysis, we implemented a general model for participant and bystander behavior.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Research in virtual agents has largely ignored the role and behavior of side participants and especially bystanders. Our view is that the behavior of these other participants is critical in multi-party interactions, especially in interactive drama. In this paper, we provide an analysis of nonverbal behaviors associated with these roles. We ⬚first review studies of interpersonal relationships and nonverbal behavior. From this review, we construct an analysis framework based on characters' interpersonal relationships, conversational roles, and communicative acts. We then assess this framework by analyzing improv sessions of an old west scenario involving 4 characters. Informed by this analysis, we implemented a general model for participant and bystander behavior.
76.
Chiu, Chung-Cheng; Marsella, Stacy C.
How to train your avatar: A data driven approach to gesture generation Proceedings Article
In: The 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2011), ReykjavÃk, Iceland, 2011.
@inproceedings{chiu_how_2011,
title = {How to train your avatar: A data driven approach to gesture generation},
author = {Chung-Cheng Chiu and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/How%20to%20train%20your%20avatar.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-09-01},
booktitle = {The 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2011)},
address = {ReykjavÃk, Iceland},
abstract = {The ability to gesture is key to realizing virtual characters that can engage in face-to-face interaction with people. Many applications take an approach of predefining possible utterances of a virtual character and building all the gesture animations needed for those utterances. We can save effort on building a virtual human if we can construct a general gesture controller that will generate behavior for novel utterances. Because the dynamics of human gestures are related to the prosody of speech, in this work we propose a model to generate gestures based on prosody. We then assess the naturalness of the animations by comparing them against human gestures. The evaluation results were promising, human judgments show no significant difference between our generated gestures and human gestures and the generated gestures were judged as significantly better than real human gestures from a different utterance.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The ability to gesture is key to realizing virtual characters that can engage in face-to-face interaction with people. Many applications take an approach of predefining possible utterances of a virtual character and building all the gesture animations needed for those utterances. We can save effort on building a virtual human if we can construct a general gesture controller that will generate behavior for novel utterances. Because the dynamics of human gestures are related to the prosody of speech, in this work we propose a model to generate gestures based on prosody. We then assess the naturalness of the animations by comparing them against human gestures. The evaluation results were promising, human judgments show no significant difference between our generated gestures and human gestures and the generated gestures were judged as significantly better than real human gestures from a different utterance.
77.
Wang, Zhiyang; Lee, Jina; Marsella, Stacy C.
Towards More Comprehensive Listening Behavior: Beyond the Bobble Head Proceedings Article
In: The 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2011), ReykjavÃk, Iceland, 2011.
@inproceedings{wang_towards_2011,
title = {Towards More Comprehensive Listening Behavior: Beyond the Bobble Head},
author = {Zhiyang Wang and Jina Lee and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Towards%20More%20Comprehensive%20Listening%20Behavior-%20Beyond%20the%20Bobble%20Head.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-09-01},
booktitle = {The 11th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA 2011)},
address = {ReykjavÃk, Iceland},
abstract = {Realizing effective listening behavior in virtual humans has become a key area of research, especially as research has sought to realize more complex social scenarios involving multiple participants and bystanders. A human listener's nonverbal behavior is conditioned by a variety of factors, from current speaker's behavior to the listener's role and desire to participate in the conversation and unfolding comprehension of the speaker. Similarly, we seek to create virtual humans able to provide feedback based on their participatory goals and their partial understanding of, and reaction to, the relevance of what the speaker is saying as the speaker speaks. Based on a survey of existing psychological literature as well as recent technological advances in recognition and partial understanding of natural language, we describe a model of how to integrate these factors into a virtual human that behaves consistently with these goals.We then discuss how the model is implemented into a virtual human architecture and present an evaluation of behaviors used in the model.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Realizing effective listening behavior in virtual humans has become a key area of research, especially as research has sought to realize more complex social scenarios involving multiple participants and bystanders. A human listener's nonverbal behavior is conditioned by a variety of factors, from current speaker's behavior to the listener's role and desire to participate in the conversation and unfolding comprehension of the speaker. Similarly, we seek to create virtual humans able to provide feedback based on their participatory goals and their partial understanding of, and reaction to, the relevance of what the speaker is saying as the speaker speaks. Based on a survey of existing psychological literature as well as recent technological advances in recognition and partial understanding of natural language, we describe a model of how to integrate these factors into a virtual human that behaves consistently with these goals.We then discuss how the model is implemented into a virtual human architecture and present an evaluation of behaviors used in the model.
78.
Ito, Jonathan Y.; Marsella, Stacy C.
Contextually-Based Utility: An Appraisal-Based Approach at Modeling Framing and Decisions Proceedings Article
In: The 25th Conference on Artificail Intelligence (AAAI-11), San Francisco, CA, 2011.
@inproceedings{ito_contextually-based_2011,
title = {Contextually-Based Utility: An Appraisal-Based Approach at Modeling Framing and Decisions},
author = {Jonathan Y. Ito and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Contextually-Based%20Utility-%20An%20Appraisal-Based%20Approach%20at%20Modeling%20Framing%20and%20Decisions.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-08-01},
booktitle = {The 25th Conference on Artificail Intelligence (AAAI-11)},
address = {San Francisco, CA},
abstract = {Creating accurate computational models of human decision making is a vital step towards the realization of socially intelligent systems capable of both predicting and simulating human behavior. In modeling human decision making, a key factor is the psychological phenomenon known as "framing", in which the preferences of a decision maker change in response to contextual changes in decision problems. Existing approaches treat framing as a one-dimensional contextual influence based on the perception of outcomes as either gains or losses. However, empirical studies have shown that framing effects are much more multifaceted than one-dimensional views of framing suggest. To address this limitation, we propose an integrative approach to modeling framing which combines the psychological principles of cognitive appraisal theories and decision-theoretic notions of utility and probability. We show that this approach allows for both the identification and computation of the salient contextual factors in a decision as well as modeling how they ultimately affect the decision process. Furthermore, we show that our multidimensional, appraisal-based approach can account for framing effects identified in the empirical literature which cannot be addressed by one-dimensional theories, thereby promising more accurate models of human behavior.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Creating accurate computational models of human decision making is a vital step towards the realization of socially intelligent systems capable of both predicting and simulating human behavior. In modeling human decision making, a key factor is the psychological phenomenon known as "framing", in which the preferences of a decision maker change in response to contextual changes in decision problems. Existing approaches treat framing as a one-dimensional contextual influence based on the perception of outcomes as either gains or losses. However, empirical studies have shown that framing effects are much more multifaceted than one-dimensional views of framing suggest. To address this limitation, we propose an integrative approach to modeling framing which combines the psychological principles of cognitive appraisal theories and decision-theoretic notions of utility and probability. We show that this approach allows for both the identification and computation of the salient contextual factors in a decision as well as modeling how they ultimately affect the decision process. Furthermore, we show that our multidimensional, appraisal-based approach can account for framing effects identified in the empirical literature which cannot be addressed by one-dimensional theories, thereby promising more accurate models of human behavior.
79.
Melo, Celso M.; Gratch, Jonathan; Carnevale, Peter
Reverse Appraisal: Inferring from Emotion Displays who is the Cooperator and the Competitor in a Social Dilemma Proceedings Article
In: The 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci) 2011, Boston, MA, 2011.
@inproceedings{de_melo_reverse_2011,
title = {Reverse Appraisal: Inferring from Emotion Displays who is the Cooperator and the Competitor in a Social Dilemma},
author = {Celso M. Melo and Jonathan Gratch and Peter Carnevale},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Reverse%20Appraisal-%20Inferring%20from%20Emotion%20Displays%20who%20is%20the%20Cooperator%20and%20the%20Competitor%20in%20a%20Social%20Dilemma.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-07-01},
booktitle = {The 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci) 2011},
address = {Boston, MA},
abstract = {This paper explores whether and how facial displays of emotion can impact emergence of cooperation in a social dilemma. Three experiments are described where participants play the iterated prisoner's dilemma with (computer) players that display emotion. Experiment 1 compares a cooperative player, whose displays reflect a goal of mutual cooperation, with a control player that shows no emotion. Experiment 2 compares a competitive player, whose displays reflect a goal of getting more points than the participant, and the control player. Experiment 3 compares the cooperative and competitive players. Results show that people: cooperate more with the cooperative than the control player (Experiment 1); do not cooperate differently with the competitive and control players (Experiment 2); and, cooperate more with the cooperative than the competitive player, when they play the latter first (Experiment 3). In line with a social functions view of emotion, we argue people infer, from emotion displays, the other player's propensity to cooperate by reversing the emotion appraisal process. Post- game surveys show that people interpret the emotion displays according to appraisal variables (desirability, responsibility and controllability) in ways that are consistent with predictions from appraisal theories of emotion.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper explores whether and how facial displays of emotion can impact emergence of cooperation in a social dilemma. Three experiments are described where participants play the iterated prisoner's dilemma with (computer) players that display emotion. Experiment 1 compares a cooperative player, whose displays reflect a goal of mutual cooperation, with a control player that shows no emotion. Experiment 2 compares a competitive player, whose displays reflect a goal of getting more points than the participant, and the control player. Experiment 3 compares the cooperative and competitive players. Results show that people: cooperate more with the cooperative than the control player (Experiment 1); do not cooperate differently with the competitive and control players (Experiment 2); and, cooperate more with the cooperative than the competitive player, when they play the latter first (Experiment 3). In line with a social functions view of emotion, we argue people infer, from emotion displays, the other player's propensity to cooperate by reversing the emotion appraisal process. Post- game surveys show that people interpret the emotion displays according to appraisal variables (desirability, responsibility and controllability) in ways that are consistent with predictions from appraisal theories of emotion.
80.
Tsai, Jason; Fridman, Natalie; Bowring, Emma; Brown, Matthew; Epstein, Shira; Kaminka, Gal; Marsella, Stacy C.; Ogden, Andrew; Rika, Inbal; Sheel, Ankur; Taylor, Matthew; Wang, Xuezhi; Zilka, Avishay; Tambe, Milind
ESCAPES - Evacuation Simulation with Children, Authorities, Parents, Emotions, and Social comparison Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), Taipei, Taiwan, 2011.
@inproceedings{tsai_escapes_2011,
title = {ESCAPES - Evacuation Simulation with Children, Authorities, Parents, Emotions, and Social comparison},
author = {Jason Tsai and Natalie Fridman and Emma Bowring and Matthew Brown and Shira Epstein and Gal Kaminka and Stacy C. Marsella and Andrew Ogden and Inbal Rika and Ankur Sheel and Matthew Taylor and Xuezhi Wang and Avishay Zilka and Milind Tambe},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/ESCAPES%20-%20Evacuation%20Simulation%20with%20Children,%20Authorities,%20Parents,%20Emotions,%20and%20Social%20comparison.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-05-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
address = {Taipei, Taiwan},
abstract = {In creating an evacuation simulation for training and planning, realistic agents that reproduce known phenomenon are required. Evacuation simulation in the airport domain requires additional features beyond most simulations, including the unique behaviors of first time visitors who have incomplete knowledge of the area and families that do not necessarily adhere to often-assumed pedestrian behaviors. Evacuation simulations not customized for the airport domain do not incorporate the factors important to it, leading to inaccuracies when applied to it. In this paper, we describe ESCAPES, a multiagent evacuation simulation tool that incorporates four key features: (i) different agent types; (ii) emotional interactions; (iii) informational interactions; (iv) behavioral interactions. Our simulator reproduces phenomena observed in existing studies on evacuation scenarios and the features we incorporate substantially impact escape time. We use ESCAPES to model the International Terminal at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and receive high praise from security officials.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In creating an evacuation simulation for training and planning, realistic agents that reproduce known phenomenon are required. Evacuation simulation in the airport domain requires additional features beyond most simulations, including the unique behaviors of first time visitors who have incomplete knowledge of the area and families that do not necessarily adhere to often-assumed pedestrian behaviors. Evacuation simulations not customized for the airport domain do not incorporate the factors important to it, leading to inaccuracies when applied to it. In this paper, we describe ESCAPES, a multiagent evacuation simulation tool that incorporates four key features: (i) different agent types; (ii) emotional interactions; (iii) informational interactions; (iv) behavioral interactions. Our simulator reproduces phenomena observed in existing studies on evacuation scenarios and the features we incorporate substantially impact escape time. We use ESCAPES to model the International Terminal at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and receive high praise from security officials.
Filter
2003
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan
Modeling Coping Behaviors in Virtual Humans: Don't worry, Be Happy Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), pp. 313–320, Melbourne, Australia, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2003,
title = {Modeling Coping Behaviors in Virtual Humans: Don't worry, Be Happy},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Coping%20Behavior%20in%20Virtual%20Humans-%20Dont%20worry%20Be%20happy.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
pages = {313–320},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
abstract = {This article builds on insights into how humans cope with emotion to guide the design of virtual humans. Although coping is increasingly viewed in the psychological literature as having a central role in human adaptive behavior, it has been largely ignored in computational models of emotion. In this paper, we show how psychological research on the interplay between human emotion, cognition and coping behavior can serve as a central organizing principle for the behavior of human-like autonomous agents. We present a detailed domain-independent model of coping based on this framework that significantly extends our previous work. We argue that this perspective provides novel insights into realizing adaptive behavior.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This article builds on insights into how humans cope with emotion to guide the design of virtual humans. Although coping is increasingly viewed in the psychological literature as having a central role in human adaptive behavior, it has been largely ignored in computational models of emotion. In this paper, we show how psychological research on the interplay between human emotion, cognition and coping behavior can serve as a central organizing principle for the behavior of human-like autonomous agents. We present a detailed domain-independent model of coping based on this framework that significantly extends our previous work. We argue that this perspective provides novel insights into realizing adaptive behavior.
Traum, David; Rickel, Jeff; Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Negotiation over Tasks in Hybrid Human-Agent Teams for Simulation-Based Training Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), pp. 441–448, Melbourne, Australia, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{traum_negotiation_2003,
title = {Negotiation over Tasks in Hybrid Human-Agent Teams for Simulation-Based Training},
author = {David Traum and Jeff Rickel and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Negotiation%20over%20Tasks%20in%20Hybrid%20Human-Agent%20Teams%20for%20Simulation-Based%20Training.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
pages = {441–448},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
abstract = {The effectiveness of simulation-based training for individual tasks – such as piloting skills – is well established, but its use for team training raises challenging technical issues. Ideally, human users could gain valuable leadership experience by interacting with synthetic teammates in realistic and potentially stressful scenarios. However, creating human-like teammates that can support flexible, natural interactions with humans and other synthetic agents requires integrating a wide variety of capabilities, including models of teamwork, models of human negotiation, and the ability to participate in face-to-face spoken conversations in virtual worlds. We have developed such virtual humans by integrating and extending prior work in these areas, and we have applied our virtual humans to an example peacekeeping training scenario to guide and evaluate our research. Our models allow agents to reason about authority and responsibility for individual actions in a team task and, as appropriate, to carry out actions, give and accept orders, monitor task execution, and negotiate options. Negotiation is guided by the agents' dynamic assessment of alternative actions given the current scenario conditions, with the aim of guiding the human user towards an ability to make similar assessments.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The effectiveness of simulation-based training for individual tasks – such as piloting skills – is well established, but its use for team training raises challenging technical issues. Ideally, human users could gain valuable leadership experience by interacting with synthetic teammates in realistic and potentially stressful scenarios. However, creating human-like teammates that can support flexible, natural interactions with humans and other synthetic agents requires integrating a wide variety of capabilities, including models of teamwork, models of human negotiation, and the ability to participate in face-to-face spoken conversations in virtual worlds. We have developed such virtual humans by integrating and extending prior work in these areas, and we have applied our virtual humans to an example peacekeeping training scenario to guide and evaluate our research. Our models allow agents to reason about authority and responsibility for individual actions in a team task and, as appropriate, to carry out actions, give and accept orders, monitor task execution, and negotiate options. Negotiation is guided by the agents' dynamic assessment of alternative actions given the current scenario conditions, with the aim of guiding the human user towards an ability to make similar assessments.
2002
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan
Modeling the Influence of Emotion on Belief for Virtual Training Simulations Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Simulation, Orlando, FL, 2002.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2002,
title = {Modeling the Influence of Emotion on Belief for Virtual Training Simulations},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20the%20influence%20of%20emotion.pdf},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Simulation},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {Recognizing and managing emotion in oneself and in those under ones command is an important component of leadership training. Most computational models of emotion have focused on the problem of identifying emotional features of the physical environment and mapping that into motivations to act in the world. But emotions also influence how we perceive the world and how we communicate that perception to others. This paper outlines an initial computational foray into this more vexing problem.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Recognizing and managing emotion in oneself and in those under ones command is an important component of leadership training. Most computational models of emotion have focused on the problem of identifying emotional features of the physical environment and mapping that into motivations to act in the world. But emotions also influence how we perceive the world and how we communicate that perception to others. This paper outlines an initial computational foray into this more vexing problem.
Rickel, Jeff; Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan; Hill, Randall W.; Traum, David; Swartout, William
Toward a New Generation of Virtual Humans for Interactive Experiences Journal Article
In: IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2002.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@article{rickel_toward_2002,
title = {Toward a New Generation of Virtual Humans for Interactive Experiences},
author = {Jeff Rickel and Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and Randall W. Hill and David Traum and William Swartout},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Toward%20a%20New%20Generation%20of%20Virtual%20Humans%20for%20Interactive%20Experiences.pdf},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan
A step toward irrationality: using emotion to change belief Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), pp. 334–341, Bologna, Italy, 2002.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{marsella_step_2002,
title = {A step toward irrationality: using emotion to change belief},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20step%20toward%20irrationality-%20using%20emotion%20to%20change%20belief.pdf},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
volume = {1},
pages = {334–341},
address = {Bologna, Italy},
abstract = {Emotions have a powerful impact on behavior and beliefs. The goal of our research is to create general computational models of this interplay of emotion, cognition and behavior to inform the design of virtual humans. Here, we address an aspect of emotional behavior that has been studied extensively in the psychological literature but largely ignored by computational approaches, emotion-focused coping. Rather than motivating external action, emotion-focused coping strategies alter beliefs in response to strong emotions. For example an individual may alter beliefs about the importance of a goal that is being threatened, thereby reducing their distress. We present a preliminary model of emotion-focused coping and discuss how coping processes, in general, can be coupled to emotions and behavior. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment where the models are used to create virtual human characters in high-stress social situations.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Emotions have a powerful impact on behavior and beliefs. The goal of our research is to create general computational models of this interplay of emotion, cognition and behavior to inform the design of virtual humans. Here, we address an aspect of emotional behavior that has been studied extensively in the psychological literature but largely ignored by computational approaches, emotion-focused coping. Rather than motivating external action, emotion-focused coping strategies alter beliefs in response to strong emotions. For example an individual may alter beliefs about the importance of a goal that is being threatened, thereby reducing their distress. We present a preliminary model of emotion-focused coping and discuss how coping processes, in general, can be coupled to emotions and behavior. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment where the models are used to create virtual human characters in high-stress social situations.
2001
Swartout, William; Hill, Randall W.; Gratch, Jonathan; Johnson, W. Lewis; Kyriakakis, Chris; Labore, Catherine; Lindheim, Richard; Marsella, Stacy C.; Miraglia, D.; Moore, Bridget; Morie, Jacquelyn; Rickel, Jeff; Thiebaux, Marcus; Tuch, L.; Whitney, Richard; Douglas, Jay
Toward the Holodeck: Integrating Graphics, Sound, Character and Story Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Montreal, Canada, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans, Virtual Worlds
@inproceedings{swartout_toward_2001,
title = {Toward the Holodeck: Integrating Graphics, Sound, Character and Story},
author = {William Swartout and Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch and W. Lewis Johnson and Chris Kyriakakis and Catherine Labore and Richard Lindheim and Stacy C. Marsella and D. Miraglia and Bridget Moore and Jacquelyn Morie and Jeff Rickel and Marcus Thiebaux and L. Tuch and Richard Whitney and Jay Douglas},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Toward%20the%20Holodeck-%20Integrating%20Graphics,%20Sound,%20Character%20and%20Story.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},
address = {Montreal, Canada},
abstract = {We describe an initial prototype of a holodeck-like environment that we have created for the Mission Rehearsal Exercise Project. The goal of the project is to create an experience learning system where the participants are immersed in an environment where they can encounter the sights, sounds, and circumstances of realworld scenarios. Virtual humans act as characters and coaches in an interactive story with pedagogical goals.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans, Virtual Worlds},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We describe an initial prototype of a holodeck-like environment that we have created for the Mission Rehearsal Exercise Project. The goal of the project is to create an experience learning system where the participants are immersed in an environment where they can encounter the sights, sounds, and circumstances of realworld scenarios. Virtual humans act as characters and coaches in an interactive story with pedagogical goals.
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan; Rickel, Jeff
The Effect of Affect: Modeling the Impact of Emotional State on the Behavior of Interactive Virtual Humans Proceedings Article
In: Workshop on Representing, Annotating, and Evaluating Non-Verbal and Verbal Communicative Acts to Achieve Contextual Embodied Agents, Montreal, Canada, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{marsella_effect_2001,
title = {The Effect of Affect: Modeling the Impact of Emotional State on the Behavior of Interactive Virtual Humans},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and Jeff Rickel},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Effect%20of%20Affect-%20Modeling%20the%20Impact%20of%20Emotional%20State%20on%20the%20Behavior%20of%20Interactive%20Virtual%20Humans.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-06-01},
booktitle = {Workshop on Representing, Annotating, and Evaluating Non-Verbal and Verbal Communicative Acts to Achieve Contextual Embodied Agents},
address = {Montreal, Canada},
abstract = {A person's behavior provides signiï¬cant information about their emotional state, attitudes, and attention. Our goal is to create virtual humans that convey such information to people while interacting with them in virtual worlds. The virtual humans must respond dynamically to the events surrounding them, which are fundamentally influenced by users' actions, while providing an illusion of human-like behavior. A user must be able to interpret the dynamic cognitive and emotional state of the virtual humans using the same nonverbal cues that people use to understand one another. Towards these goals, we are integrating and extending components from three prior systems: a virtual human architecture with a range of cognitive and motor capabilities, a model of emotional appraisal, and a model of the impact of emotional state on physical behavior. We describe the key research issues, our approach, and an initial implementation in an Army peacekeeping scenario.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A person's behavior provides signiï¬cant information about their emotional state, attitudes, and attention. Our goal is to create virtual humans that convey such information to people while interacting with them in virtual worlds. The virtual humans must respond dynamically to the events surrounding them, which are fundamentally influenced by users' actions, while providing an illusion of human-like behavior. A user must be able to interpret the dynamic cognitive and emotional state of the virtual humans using the same nonverbal cues that people use to understand one another. Towards these goals, we are integrating and extending components from three prior systems: a virtual human architecture with a range of cognitive and motor capabilities, a model of emotional appraisal, and a model of the impact of emotional state on physical behavior. We describe the key research issues, our approach, and an initial implementation in an Army peacekeeping scenario.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Modeling Emotions in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation, pp. 457–466, Orlando, FL, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{gratch_modeling_2001,
title = {Modeling Emotions in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Emotions%20in%20the%20Mission%20Rehearsal%20Exercise.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-05-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},
pages = {457–466},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {This paper discusses our attempts to model realistic human behavior in the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise system (MRE), a high-end virtual training environment designed to support dismounted infantry training between a human participant and elements of his command. The system combines immersive graphics, sound, and interactive characters controlled by artificial intelligence programs. Our goal in this paper is to show how some of the daunting subtlety in human behavior can be modeled by intelligent agents and in particular to focus on the role of modeling typical human emotional responses to environmental stimuli.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper discusses our attempts to model realistic human behavior in the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise system (MRE), a high-end virtual training environment designed to support dismounted infantry training between a human participant and elements of his command. The system combines immersive graphics, sound, and interactive characters controlled by artificial intelligence programs. Our goal in this paper is to show how some of the daunting subtlety in human behavior can be modeled by intelligent agents and in particular to focus on the role of modeling typical human emotional responses to environmental stimuli.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Tears and Fears: Modeling emotions and emotional behaviors in synthetic agents Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents, pp. 278–285, Montreal, Canada, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{gratch_tears_2001,
title = {Tears and Fears: Modeling emotions and emotional behaviors in synthetic agents},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Tears%20and%20Fears-%20Modeling%20emotions%20and%20emotional%20behaviors%20in%20synthetic%20agents.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},
pages = {278–285},
address = {Montreal, Canada},
abstract = {Emotions play a critical role in creating engaging and believable characters to populate virtual worlds. Our goal is to create general computational models to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. In service of this goal, we integrate two complementary approaches to emotional modeling into a single unified system. Gratch's Émile system focuses on the problem of emotional appraisal: how emotions arise from an evaluation of how environmental events relate to an agent's plans and goals. Marsella et al. 's IPD system focuses more on the impact of emotions on behavior, including the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. This integrated model is layered atop Steve, a pedagogical agent architecture, and exercised within the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise, a prototype system designed to teach decision- making skills in highly evocative situations.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Emotions play a critical role in creating engaging and believable characters to populate virtual worlds. Our goal is to create general computational models to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. In service of this goal, we integrate two complementary approaches to emotional modeling into a single unified system. Gratch's Émile system focuses on the problem of emotional appraisal: how emotions arise from an evaluation of how environmental events relate to an agent's plans and goals. Marsella et al. 's IPD system focuses more on the impact of emotions on behavior, including the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. This integrated model is layered atop Steve, a pedagogical agent architecture, and exercised within the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise, a prototype system designed to teach decision- making skills in highly evocative situations.
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan
Modeling the Interplay of Emotions and Plans in Multi-Agent Simulations Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2001,
title = {Modeling the Interplay of Emotions and Plans in Multi-Agent Simulations},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20the%20Interplay%20of%20Emotions%20and%20Plans%20in%20Multi-Agent%20Simulations.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
abstract = {The goal of this research is to create general computational models of the interplay between affect, cognition and behavior. These models are being designed to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. We attempt to capture both the cognitive and behavioral aspects of emotion, circumscribed to the role emotions play in the performance of concrete physical tasks. We address how emotions arise from an evaluation of the relationship between environmental events and an agent's plans and goals, as well as the impact of emotions on behavior, in particular the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The goal of this research is to create general computational models of the interplay between affect, cognition and behavior. These models are being designed to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. We attempt to capture both the cognitive and behavioral aspects of emotion, circumscribed to the role emotions play in the performance of concrete physical tasks. We address how emotions arise from an evaluation of the relationship between environmental events and an agent's plans and goals, as well as the impact of emotions on behavior, in particular the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment.
2000
Hill, Randall W.; Gratch, Jonathan; Rosenbloom, Paul
Flexible Group Behavior: Virtual Commanders for Synthetic Battlespaces Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Barcelona, Spain, 2000.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: CogArch, Cognitive Architecture, Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{hill_flexible_2000,
title = {Flexible Group Behavior: Virtual Commanders for Synthetic Battlespaces},
author = {Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch and Paul Rosenbloom},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Flexible%20Group%20Behavior-%20Virtual%20Commanders%20for%20Synthetic%20Battlespaces.pdf},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
abstract = {This paper describes a project to develop autonomous commander agents for synthetic battlespaces. The commander agents plan missions, monitor their execution, and replan when necessary. To reason about the social aspects of group behavior, the commanders take various social stances that enable them to collaborate with friends, exercise or defer to authority, and thwart their foes. The purpose of this paper is to describe these capabilities and how they came to be through a series of lessons learned while developing autonomous agents for this domain.},
keywords = {CogArch, Cognitive Architecture, Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper describes a project to develop autonomous commander agents for synthetic battlespaces. The commander agents plan missions, monitor their execution, and replan when necessary. To reason about the social aspects of group behavior, the commanders take various social stances that enable them to collaborate with friends, exercise or defer to authority, and thwart their foes. The purpose of this paper is to describe these capabilities and how they came to be through a series of lessons learned while developing autonomous agents for this domain.
1999
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.; Hill, Randall W.; III, LTC George Stone
Deriving Priority Intelligence Requirements for Synthetic Command Entities Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation, Orlando, FL, 1999.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{gratch_deriving_1999,
title = {Deriving Priority Intelligence Requirements for Synthetic Command Entities},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella and Randall W. Hill and LTC George Stone III},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Deriving%20Priority%20Intelligence%20Requirements%20for%20Synthetic%20Command%20Entities.pdf},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-05-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {Simulation-based training is using increasingly complex synthetic forces. As more complex multiechelon synthetic forces are employed in simulations, the need for a realistic model of their command and control behavior becomes more urgent. In this paper we discuss one key component of such a model, the autonomous generation and use of priority intelligence requirements within multi-echelon plans.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Simulation-based training is using increasingly complex synthetic forces. As more complex multiechelon synthetic forces are employed in simulations, the need for a realistic model of their command and control behavior becomes more urgent. In this paper we discuss one key component of such a model, the autonomous generation and use of priority intelligence requirements within multi-echelon plans.
Gratch, Jonathan; Hill, Randall W.
Continuous Planning and Collaboration for Command and Control in Joint Synthetic Battlespaces Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation, Orlando, FL, 1999.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Social Simulation, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{gratch_continuous_1999,
title = {Continuous Planning and Collaboration for Command and Control in Joint Synthetic Battlespaces},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Randall W. Hill},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Continuous%20Planning%20and%20Collaboration%20for%20Command%20and%20Control%20in%20Joint%20Synthetic%20Battlespaces.pdf},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-05-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {In this paper we describe our efforts to model command and control entities for Joint Synthetic Battlespaces. Command agents require a broader repertoire of capabilities than is typically modeled in simulation. They must develop mission plans involving multiple subordinate units, monitor execution, dynamically modify mission plans in response to situational contingencies, collaborate with other decision makers, and deal with a host of organizational issues. We describe our approach to command agent modeling that addresses a number of these issues through its continuous and collaborative approach to mission planning.},
keywords = {Social Simulation, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper we describe our efforts to model command and control entities for Joint Synthetic Battlespaces. Command agents require a broader repertoire of capabilities than is typically modeled in simulation. They must develop mission plans involving multiple subordinate units, monitor execution, dynamically modify mission plans in response to situational contingencies, collaborate with other decision makers, and deal with a host of organizational issues. We describe our approach to command agent modeling that addresses a number of these issues through its continuous and collaborative approach to mission planning.