Publications

@inproceedings{gratch_towards_2004,

title = {Towards a Validated Model of the Influence of Emotion on Human Performance},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/TOWARDS%20A%20VALIDATED%20MODEL%20OF%20THE%20INFLUENCE%20OF%20EMOTION%20ON%20HUMAN%20PERFORMANCE.pdf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-12-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_evaluating_2004,

title = {Evaluating the modeling and use of emotion in virtual humans},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Evaluating%20the%20modeling%20and%20use%20of%20emotion%20in%20virtual%20humans.pdf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-08-01},

booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},

address = {New York, NY},

abstract = {Spurred by a range of potential applications, there has been a growing body of research in computational models of human emotion. To advance the development of these models, it is critical that we begin to evaluate them against the phenomena they purport to model. In this paper, we present one methodology to evaluate an emotion model. The methodology is based on comparing the behavior of the computational model against human behavior, using a standard clinical instrument for assessing human emotion and coping. We use this methodology to evaluate the EMA model of emotion. The model did quite well. And, as expected, the comparison helped identify where the model needs further development.},

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}

@inproceedings{muller_you_2004,

title = {Do You Want To Talk About It? A First Step Towards Emotion Integrated Dialogue},

author = {T. J. Muller and Arno Hartholt and Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and David Traum},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Do%20you%20want%20to%20talk%20about%20it.pdf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-08-01},

booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},

address = {Kloster Irsee, Germany},

abstract = {In this paper, we descrribe an implemented system for emotion-referring dialogue. An agen can engage in emotion-referring dialogue if it first has a model of its own emotions, and secondly has a way of talking about them. We create this facility in MRE Project's virtual humans, building upon the existing emotion and dialogue facilities of these agents.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_evaluating_2004-1,

title = {Evaluating a General Model of Emotional Appraisal and Coping},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Evaluating%20a%20General%20Model%20of%20Emotional%20Appraisal%20and%20Coping.pdf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-06-01},

booktitle = {AAAI Spring Symposium on Architectures for Modeling Emotion: Cross-disciplinary Foundations},

address = {Palo Alto, CA},

abstract = {Introduction: In our research, we have developed a general computational model of human emotion. The model attempts to account for both the factors that give rise to emotions as well as the wide-ranging impact emotions have on cognitive and behavioral responses. Emotions influence our beliefs, our decision-making and how we adapt our behavior to the world around us. While most apparent in moments of great stress, emotions sway even the mundane decisions we face in everyday life. Emotions also infuse our social relationships. Our interactions with each other are a source of many emotions and we have developed a range of behaviors that can communicate emotional information as well as an ability to recognize and be influenced by the emotional arousal of others. By virtue of their central role and wide influence, emotion arguably provides the means to coordinate the diverse mental and physical components required to respond to the world in a coherent fashion. (1st Paragraph)},

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tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{traum_emotion_2004,

title = {Emotion and Dialogue in the MRE Virtual Humans},

author = {David Traum and Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Emotion%20and%20Dialogue%20in%20the%20MRE%20Virtual%20Humans.pdf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},

volume = {3068},

pages = {117–127},

address = {Kloster Irsee, Germany},

abstract = {We describe the emotion and dialogue aspects of the virtual agents used in the MRE project at USC. The models of emotion and dialogue started independently, though each makes crucial use of a central task model. In this paper we describe the task model, dialogue model, and emotion model, and the interactions between them.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{hill_virtual_2003,

title = {Virtual Humans in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise System},

author = {Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella and William Swartout and David Traum},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Virtual%20Humans%20in%20the%20Mission%20Rehearsal%20Exercise%20System.pdf},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-06-01},

booktitle = {Kunstliche Intelligenzi (KI) (special issue on Embodied Conversational Agents)},

abstract = {How can simulation be made more compelling and effective as a tool for learning? This is the question that the Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) set out to answer when it was formed at the University of Southern California in 1999, to serve as a nexus between the simulation and entertainment communities. The ultimate goal of the ICT is to create the Experience Learning System (ELS), which will advance the state of the art in virtual reality immersion through use of high-resolution graphics, immersive audio, virtual humans and story-based scenarios. Once fully realized, ELS will make it possible for participants to enter places in time and space where they can interact with believable characters capable of conversation and action, and where they can observe and participate in events that are accessible only through simulation.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2003,

title = {Modeling Coping Behaviors in Virtual Humans: Don't worry, Be Happy},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Coping%20Behavior%20in%20Virtual%20Humans-%20Dont%20worry%20Be%20happy.pdf},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},

pages = {313–320},

address = {Melbourne, Australia},

abstract = {This article builds on insights into how humans cope with emotion to guide the design of virtual humans. Although coping is increasingly viewed in the psychological literature as having a central role in human adaptive behavior, it has been largely ignored in computational models of emotion. In this paper, we show how psychological research on the interplay between human emotion, cognition and coping behavior can serve as a central organizing principle for the behavior of human-like autonomous agents. We present a detailed domain-independent model of coping based on this framework that significantly extends our previous work. We argue that this perspective provides novel insights into realizing adaptive behavior.},

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}

@inproceedings{traum_negotiation_2003,

title = {Negotiation over Tasks in Hybrid Human-Agent Teams for Simulation-Based Training},

author = {David Traum and Jeff Rickel and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Negotiation%20over%20Tasks%20in%20Hybrid%20Human-Agent%20Teams%20for%20Simulation-Based%20Training.pdf},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},

pages = {441–448},

address = {Melbourne, Australia},

abstract = {The effectiveness of simulation-based training for individual tasks – such as piloting skills – is well established, but its use for team training raises challenging technical issues. Ideally, human users could gain valuable leadership experience by interacting with synthetic teammates in realistic and potentially stressful scenarios. However, creating human-like teammates that can support flexible, natural interactions with humans and other synthetic agents requires integrating a wide variety of capabilities, including models of teamwork, models of human negotiation, and the ability to participate in face-to-face spoken conversations in virtual worlds. We have developed such virtual humans by integrating and extending prior work in these areas, and we have applied our virtual humans to an example peacekeeping training scenario to guide and evaluate our research. Our models allow agents to reason about authority and responsibility for individual actions in a team task and, as appropriate, to carry out actions, give and accept orders, monitor task execution, and negotiate options. Negotiation is guided by the agents' dynamic assessment of alternative actions given the current scenario conditions, with the aim of guiding the human user towards an ability to make similar assessments.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2002,

title = {Modeling the Influence of Emotion on Belief for Virtual Training Simulations},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20the%20influence%20of%20emotion.pdf},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-06-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Simulation},

address = {Orlando, FL},

abstract = {Recognizing and managing emotion in oneself and in those under ones command is an important component of leadership training. Most computational models of emotion have focused on the problem of identifying emotional features of the physical environment and mapping that into motivations to act in the world. But emotions also influence how we perceive the world and how we communicate that perception to others. This paper outlines an initial computational foray into this more vexing problem.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{marsella_step_2002,

title = {A step toward irrationality: using emotion to change belief},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20step%20toward%20irrationality-%20using%20emotion%20to%20change%20belief.pdf},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},

volume = {1},

pages = {334–341},

address = {Bologna, Italy},

abstract = {Emotions have a powerful impact on behavior and beliefs. The goal of our research is to create general computational models of this interplay of emotion, cognition and behavior to inform the design of virtual humans. Here, we address an aspect of emotional behavior that has been studied extensively in the psychological literature but largely ignored by computational approaches, emotion-focused coping. Rather than motivating external action, emotion-focused coping strategies alter beliefs in response to strong emotions. For example an individual may alter beliefs about the importance of a goal that is being threatened, thereby reducing their distress. We present a preliminary model of emotion-focused coping and discuss how coping processes, in general, can be coupled to emotions and behavior. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment where the models are used to create virtual human characters in high-stress social situations.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{swartout_toward_2001,

title = {Toward the Holodeck: Integrating Graphics, Sound, Character and Story},

author = {William Swartout and Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch and W. Lewis Johnson and Chris Kyriakakis and Catherine Labore and Richard Lindheim and Stacy C. Marsella and D. Miraglia and Bridget Moore and Jacquelyn Morie and Jeff Rickel and Marcus Thiebaux and L. Tuch and Richard Whitney and Jay Douglas},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Toward%20the%20Holodeck-%20Integrating%20Graphics,%20Sound,%20Character%20and%20Story.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-06-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {We describe an initial prototype of a holodeck-like environment that we have created for the Mission Rehearsal Exercise Project. The goal of the project is to create an experience learning system where the participants are immersed in an environment where they can encounter the sights, sounds, and circumstances of realworld scenarios. Virtual humans act as characters and coaches in an interactive story with pedagogical goals.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{marsella_effect_2001,

title = {The Effect of Affect: Modeling the Impact of Emotional State on the Behavior of Interactive Virtual Humans},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and Jeff Rickel},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Effect%20of%20Affect-%20Modeling%20the%20Impact%20of%20Emotional%20State%20on%20the%20Behavior%20of%20Interactive%20Virtual%20Humans.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-06-01},

booktitle = {Workshop on Representing, Annotating, and Evaluating Non-Verbal and Verbal Communicative Acts to Achieve Contextual Embodied Agents},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {A person's behavior provides significant information about their emotional state, attitudes, and attention. Our goal is to create virtual humans that convey such information to people while interacting with them in virtual worlds. The virtual humans must respond dynamically to the events surrounding them, which are fundamentally influenced by users' actions, while providing an illusion of human-like behavior. A user must be able to interpret the dynamic cognitive and emotional state of the virtual humans using the same nonverbal cues that people use to understand one another. Towards these goals, we are integrating and extending components from three prior systems: a virtual human architecture with a range of cognitive and motor capabilities, a model of emotional appraisal, and a model of the impact of emotional state on physical behavior. We describe the key research issues, our approach, and an initial implementation in an Army peacekeeping scenario.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_modeling_2001,

title = {Modeling Emotions in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Emotions%20in%20the%20Mission%20Rehearsal%20Exercise.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-05-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},

pages = {457–466},

address = {Orlando, FL},

abstract = {This paper discusses our attempts to model realistic human behavior in the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise system (MRE), a high-end virtual training environment designed to support dismounted infantry training between a human participant and elements of his command. The system combines immersive graphics, sound, and interactive characters controlled by artificial intelligence programs. Our goal in this paper is to show how some of the daunting subtlety in human behavior can be modeled by intelligent agents and in particular to focus on the role of modeling typical human emotional responses to environmental stimuli.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_tears_2001,

title = {Tears and Fears: Modeling emotions and emotional behaviors in synthetic agents},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Tears%20and%20Fears-%20Modeling%20emotions%20and%20emotional%20behaviors%20in%20synthetic%20agents.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},

pages = {278–285},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {Emotions play a critical role in creating engaging and believable characters to populate virtual worlds. Our goal is to create general computational models to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. In service of this goal, we integrate two complementary approaches to emotional modeling into a single unified system. Gratch's Émile system focuses on the problem of emotional appraisal: how emotions arise from an evaluation of how environmental events relate to an agent's plans and goals. Marsella et al. 's IPD system focuses more on the impact of emotions on behavior, including the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. This integrated model is layered atop Steve, a pedagogical agent architecture, and exercised within the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise, a prototype system designed to teach decision- making skills in highly evocative situations.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2001,

title = {Modeling the Interplay of Emotions and Plans in Multi-Agent Simulations},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20the%20Interplay%20of%20Emotions%20and%20Plans%20in%20Multi-Agent%20Simulations.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},

address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},

abstract = {The goal of this research is to create general computational models of the interplay between affect, cognition and behavior. These models are being designed to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. We attempt to capture both the cognitive and behavioral aspects of emotion, circumscribed to the role emotions play in the performance of concrete physical tasks. We address how emotions arise from an evaluation of the relationship between environmental events and an agent's plans and goals, as well as the impact of emotions on behavior, in particular the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment.},

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}