Publications
Search
141.
Traum, David; Swartout, William; Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Virtual Humans for non-team interaction training Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS) Workshop on Creating Bonds with Humanoids, Utrecht, Netherlands, 2005.
@inproceedings{traum_virtual_2005,
title = {Virtual Humans for non-team interaction training},
author = {David Traum and William Swartout and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Virtual%20Humans%20for%20non-team%20interaction%20training.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-07-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS) Workshop on Creating Bonds with Humanoids},
address = {Utrecht, Netherlands},
abstract = {We describe a model of virtual humans to be used in training for non-team interactions, such as negotiating with people from other organizations. The virtual humans build on existing task, dialogue, and emotion models, with an added model of trust, which are used to understand and produce interactional moves. The model has been implemented within an agent in the SASO-ST system, and some example dialogues are given, illustrating the necessity for building social bonds.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We describe a model of virtual humans to be used in training for non-team interactions, such as negotiating with people from other organizations. The virtual humans build on existing task, dialogue, and emotion models, with an added model of trust, which are used to understand and produce interactional moves. The model has been implemented within an agent in the SASO-ST system, and some example dialogues are given, illustrating the necessity for building social bonds.
142.
Martinovski, Bilyana; Traum, David; Marsella, Stacy C.
Rejection of empathy and its linguistic manifestations Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of Conference on Formal and Informal Negotiation (FINEXIN), Ottowa, Canada, 2005.
@inproceedings{martinovski_rejection_2005,
title = {Rejection of empathy and its linguistic manifestations},
author = {Bilyana Martinovski and David Traum and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Rejection%20of%20empathy%20and%20its%20linguistic%20manifestations.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of Conference on Formal and Informal Negotiation (FINEXIN)},
address = {Ottowa, Canada},
abstract = {Trust is a crucial quality in the development of individuals and societies and empathy plays a key role in the formation of trust. Trust and empathy have growing importance in studies of negotiation. However, empathy can be rejected which complicates its role in negotiation. This paper presents a linguistic analysis of empathy by focusing on rejection of empathy in negotiation. Some of the rejections are due to failed recognition of the rejector's needs and desires whereas others have mainly strategic functions gaining momentum in the negotiation. In both cases, rejection of empathy is a phase in the negotiation not a breakdown.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Trust is a crucial quality in the development of individuals and societies and empathy plays a key role in the formation of trust. Trust and empathy have growing importance in studies of negotiation. However, empathy can be rejected which complicates its role in negotiation. This paper presents a linguistic analysis of empathy by focusing on rejection of empathy in negotiation. Some of the rejections are due to failed recognition of the rejector's needs and desires whereas others have mainly strategic functions gaining momentum in the negotiation. In both cases, rejection of empathy is a phase in the negotiation not a breakdown.
143.
Martinovski, Bilyana; Mao, Wenji; Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Mitigation Theory: An Integrated Approach Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), Stresa, Italy, 2005.
@inproceedings{martinovski_mitigation_2005,
title = {Mitigation Theory: An Integrated Approach},
author = {Bilyana Martinovski and Wenji Mao and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Mitigation%20Theory-%20An%20Integrated%20Approach.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci)},
address = {Stresa, Italy},
abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model of mitigation by integrating cognitive and discourse approaches to appraisal and coping. Mitigation involves strategic, emotional, linguistic, and Theory of Mind processes on different levels of consciousness. We emphasize that discourse analysis can assist our understanding of these processes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model of mitigation by integrating cognitive and discourse approaches to appraisal and coping. Mitigation involves strategic, emotional, linguistic, and Theory of Mind processes on different levels of consciousness. We emphasize that discourse analysis can assist our understanding of these processes.
144.
Maatman, R. M.; Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Natural Behavior of a Listening Agent Proceedings Article
In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Proceedings of the 5th International Working Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA), pp. 25–36, Kos, Greece, 2005.
@inproceedings{maatman_natural_2005,
title = {Natural Behavior of a Listening Agent},
author = {R. M. Maatman and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Natural%20Behavior%20of%20a%20Listening%20Agent.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Proceedings of the 5th International Working Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA)},
pages = {25–36},
address = {Kos, Greece},
abstract = {In contrast to the variety of listening behaviors produced in human-to-human interaction, most virtual agents sit or stand passively when a user speaks. This is a reflection of the fact that although the correct responsive behavior of a listener during a conversation is often related to the semantics, the state of current speech understanding technology is such that semantic information is unavailable until after an utterance is complete. This paper will illustrate that appropriate listening behavior can also be generated by other features of a speaker's behavior that are available in real time such as speech quality, posture shifts and head movements. This paper presents a mapping from these real-time obtainable features of a human speaker to agent listening behaviors.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In contrast to the variety of listening behaviors produced in human-to-human interaction, most virtual agents sit or stand passively when a user speaks. This is a reflection of the fact that although the correct responsive behavior of a listener during a conversation is often related to the semantics, the state of current speech understanding technology is such that semantic information is unavailable until after an utterance is complete. This paper will illustrate that appropriate listening behavior can also be generated by other features of a speaker's behavior that are available in real time such as speech quality, posture shifts and head movements. This paper presents a mapping from these real-time obtainable features of a human speaker to agent listening behaviors.
145.
Maatman, R. M.; Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Responsive Behavior of a Listening Agent Technical Report
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies no. ICT TR 02 2005, 2005.
@techreport{maatman_responsive_2005,
title = {Responsive Behavior of a Listening Agent},
author = {R. M. Maatman and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/ICT-TR.02.2005.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
number = {ICT TR 02 2005},
institution = {University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies},
abstract = {The purpose of this assignment is twofold. First the possibility of generating real time responsive behavior is evaluated in order to create a more human-like agent. Second, the effect of the behavior of the agent on the human interactor is evaluated. The main motivation for the focus on responsive gestures is because much research has been done already on gestures that accompany the speaker, and nothing on gesture that accompany the listener, although responsiveness is a crucial part of a conversation. The responsive behavior of a virtual agent consists of performing gestures during the time a human is speaking to the agent. To generate the correct gestures, first a literature research is carried out, from which is concluded that with the current of the current Natural Language Understanding technology, it is not possible to extract semantic features of the human speech in real time. Thus, other features have to be considered. The result of the literature research is a basic mapping between real time obtainable features and their correct responsive behavior: - if the speech contains a relatively long period of low pitch then perform a head nod. - if the speech contains relatively high intensity then perform a head nod - if the speech contains disfluency then perform a posture shift, gazing behavior or a frown - if the human performs a posture shift then mirror this posture shift - if the human performs a head shake then mirror this head shake - if the human performs major gazing behavior then mimic this behavior A design has been made to implement this mapping into the behavior of a virtual agent and this design has been implemented which results in two programs. One to mirror the physical features of the human and one to extract the speech features from the voice of the human. The two programs are combined and the effect of the resulting behavior on the human interactor has been tested. The results of these tests are that the performing of responsive behavior has a positive effect on the natural behavior of a virtual agent and thus looks promising for future research. However, the gestures proposed by this mapping are not always context-independent. Thus, much refinement is still to be done and more functionality can be added to improve the responsive behavior. The conclusion of this research is twofold. First the performing of responsive behaviors in real time is possible with the presented mapping and this results in a more natural behaving agent. Second, some responsive behavior is still dependant of semantic information. This leaves open the further enhancement of the presented mapping in order to increase the responsive behavior.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The purpose of this assignment is twofold. First the possibility of generating real time responsive behavior is evaluated in order to create a more human-like agent. Second, the effect of the behavior of the agent on the human interactor is evaluated. The main motivation for the focus on responsive gestures is because much research has been done already on gestures that accompany the speaker, and nothing on gesture that accompany the listener, although responsiveness is a crucial part of a conversation. The responsive behavior of a virtual agent consists of performing gestures during the time a human is speaking to the agent. To generate the correct gestures, first a literature research is carried out, from which is concluded that with the current of the current Natural Language Understanding technology, it is not possible to extract semantic features of the human speech in real time. Thus, other features have to be considered. The result of the literature research is a basic mapping between real time obtainable features and their correct responsive behavior: - if the speech contains a relatively long period of low pitch then perform a head nod. - if the speech contains relatively high intensity then perform a head nod - if the speech contains disfluency then perform a posture shift, gazing behavior or a frown - if the human performs a posture shift then mirror this posture shift - if the human performs a head shake then mirror this head shake - if the human performs major gazing behavior then mimic this behavior A design has been made to implement this mapping into the behavior of a virtual agent and this design has been implemented which results in two programs. One to mirror the physical features of the human and one to extract the speech features from the voice of the human. The two programs are combined and the effect of the resulting behavior on the human interactor has been tested. The results of these tests are that the performing of responsive behavior has a positive effect on the natural behavior of a virtual agent and thus looks promising for future research. However, the gestures proposed by this mapping are not always context-independent. Thus, much refinement is still to be done and more functionality can be added to improve the responsive behavior. The conclusion of this research is twofold. First the performing of responsive behaviors in real time is possible with the presented mapping and this results in a more natural behaving agent. Second, some responsive behavior is still dependant of semantic information. This leaves open the further enhancement of the presented mapping in order to increase the responsive behavior.
146.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Lessons from Emotion Psychology for the Design of Lifelike Characters Journal Article
In: Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal, vol. 19, pp. 215–233, 2005.
@article{gratch_lessons_2005,
title = {Lessons from Emotion Psychology for the Design of Lifelike Characters},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Lessons%20from%20Emotion%20Psychology%20for%20the%20Design%20of%20Lifelike%20Characters.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Applied Artificial Intelligence Journal},
volume = {19},
pages = {215–233},
abstract = {This special issue describes a number of applications that utilize lifelike characters that teach indirectly, by playing some role in a social interaction with a user. The design of such systems reflects a compromise between competing, sometimes unarticulated de- mands: they must realistically exhibit the behaviors and characteristics of their role, they must facilitate the desired learning, and they must work within the limitations of current technology, and there is little theoretical or empirical guidance on the impact of these compromises on learning. Our perspective on this problem is shaped by our interest in the role of emotion and emotional behaviors in such forms of learning. In recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in the role of emotion in the design of virtual hu- mans. The techniques and motivations underlying these various efforts can seem, from an outsider's perspective, as bewildering and multifaceted as the concept of emotion itself is generally accused of being. Drawing on insights from emotion psychology, this article attempts to clarify for the designers of educational agents the various theoretical perspec- tives on the concept of emotion with the aim of giving guidance to designers of educa- tional agents.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This special issue describes a number of applications that utilize lifelike characters that teach indirectly, by playing some role in a social interaction with a user. The design of such systems reflects a compromise between competing, sometimes unarticulated de- mands: they must realistically exhibit the behaviors and characteristics of their role, they must facilitate the desired learning, and they must work within the limitations of current technology, and there is little theoretical or empirical guidance on the impact of these compromises on learning. Our perspective on this problem is shaped by our interest in the role of emotion and emotional behaviors in such forms of learning. In recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in the role of emotion in the design of virtual hu- mans. The techniques and motivations underlying these various efforts can seem, from an outsider's perspective, as bewildering and multifaceted as the concept of emotion itself is generally accused of being. Drawing on insights from emotion psychology, this article attempts to clarify for the designers of educational agents the various theoretical perspec- tives on the concept of emotion with the aim of giving guidance to designers of educa- tional agents.
147.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Towards a Validated Model of the Influence of Emotion on Human Performance Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference, 2004.
@inproceedings{gratch_towards_2004,
title = {Towards a Validated Model of the Influence of Emotion on Human Performance},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/TOWARDS%20A%20VALIDATED%20MODEL%20OF%20THE%20INFLUENCE%20OF%20EMOTION%20ON%20HUMAN%20PERFORMANCE.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-12-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
148.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Evaluating the modeling and use of emotion in virtual humans Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), New York, NY, 2004.
@inproceedings{gratch_evaluating_2004,
title = {Evaluating the modeling and use of emotion in virtual humans},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Evaluating%20the%20modeling%20and%20use%20of%20emotion%20in%20virtual%20humans.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-08-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
address = {New York, NY},
abstract = {Spurred by a range of potential applications, there has been a growing body of research in computational models of human emotion. To advance the development of these models, it is critical that we begin to evaluate them against the phenomena they purport to model. In this paper, we present one methodology to evaluate an emotion model. The methodology is based on comparing the behavior of the computational model against human behavior, using a standard clinical instrument for assessing human emotion and coping. We use this methodology to evaluate the EMA model of emotion. The model did quite well. And, as expected, the comparison helped identify where the model needs further development.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Spurred by a range of potential applications, there has been a growing body of research in computational models of human emotion. To advance the development of these models, it is critical that we begin to evaluate them against the phenomena they purport to model. In this paper, we present one methodology to evaluate an emotion model. The methodology is based on comparing the behavior of the computational model against human behavior, using a standard clinical instrument for assessing human emotion and coping. We use this methodology to evaluate the EMA model of emotion. The model did quite well. And, as expected, the comparison helped identify where the model needs further development.
149.
Muller, T. J.; Hartholt, Arno; Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan; Traum, David
Do You Want To Talk About It? A First Step Towards Emotion Integrated Dialogue Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), Kloster Irsee, Germany, 2004.
@inproceedings{muller_you_2004,
title = {Do You Want To Talk About It? A First Step Towards Emotion Integrated Dialogue},
author = {T. J. Muller and Arno Hartholt and Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and David Traum},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Do%20you%20want%20to%20talk%20about%20it.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-08-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
address = {Kloster Irsee, Germany},
abstract = {In this paper, we descrribe an implemented system for emotion-referring dialogue. An agen can engage in emotion-referring dialogue if it first has a model of its own emotions, and secondly has a way of talking about them. We create this facility in MRE Project's virtual humans, building upon the existing emotion and dialogue facilities of these agents.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we descrribe an implemented system for emotion-referring dialogue. An agen can engage in emotion-referring dialogue if it first has a model of its own emotions, and secondly has a way of talking about them. We create this facility in MRE Project's virtual humans, building upon the existing emotion and dialogue facilities of these agents.
150.
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan; Rickel, Jeff
Expressive Behaviors for Virtual Worlds Book Section
In: Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications, 2004.
@incollection{marsella_expressive_2004,
title = {Expressive Behaviors for Virtual Worlds},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and Jeff Rickel},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Expressive%20Behaviors%20for%20Virtual%20Worlds.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-06-01},
booktitle = {Life-Like Characters: Tools, Affective Functions, and Applications},
abstract = {A person's behavior provides signi⬚cant information about their emotional state, attitudes, and attention. Our goal is to create virtual humans that convey such information to people while interacting with them in virtual worlds. The virtual humans must respond dynamically to the events surrounding them, which are fundamentally influenced by users' actions, while providing an illusion of human-like behavior. A user must be able to interpret the dynamic cognitive and emotional state of the virtual humans using the same nonverbal cues that people use to understand one another. Towards these goals, we are integrating and extending components from three prior systems: a virtual human architecture with a wide range of cognitive and motor capabilities, a model of task-oriented emotional appraisal and socially situated planning, and a model of how emotions and coping impact physical behavior. We describe the key research issues and approach in each of these prior systems, as well as our integration and its initial implementation in a leadership training system.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
A person's behavior provides signi⬚cant information about their emotional state, attitudes, and attention. Our goal is to create virtual humans that convey such information to people while interacting with them in virtual worlds. The virtual humans must respond dynamically to the events surrounding them, which are fundamentally influenced by users' actions, while providing an illusion of human-like behavior. A user must be able to interpret the dynamic cognitive and emotional state of the virtual humans using the same nonverbal cues that people use to understand one another. Towards these goals, we are integrating and extending components from three prior systems: a virtual human architecture with a wide range of cognitive and motor capabilities, a model of task-oriented emotional appraisal and socially situated planning, and a model of how emotions and coping impact physical behavior. We describe the key research issues and approach in each of these prior systems, as well as our integration and its initial implementation in a leadership training system.
151.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Evaluating a General Model of Emotional Appraisal and Coping Proceedings Article
In: AAAI Spring Symposium on Architectures for Modeling Emotion: Cross-disciplinary Foundations, Palo Alto, CA, 2004.
@inproceedings{gratch_evaluating_2004-1,
title = {Evaluating a General Model of Emotional Appraisal and Coping},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Evaluating%20a%20General%20Model%20of%20Emotional%20Appraisal%20and%20Coping.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-06-01},
booktitle = {AAAI Spring Symposium on Architectures for Modeling Emotion: Cross-disciplinary Foundations},
address = {Palo Alto, CA},
abstract = {Introduction: In our research, we have developed a general computational model of human emotion. The model attempts to account for both the factors that give rise to emotions as well as the wide-ranging impact emotions have on cognitive and behavioral responses. Emotions influence our beliefs, our decision-making and how we adapt our behavior to the world around us. While most apparent in moments of great stress, emotions sway even the mundane decisions we face in everyday life. Emotions also infuse our social relationships. Our interactions with each other are a source of many emotions and we have developed a range of behaviors that can communicate emotional information as well as an ability to recognize and be influenced by the emotional arousal of others. By virtue of their central role and wide influence, emotion arguably provides the means to coordinate the diverse mental and physical components required to respond to the world in a coherent fashion. (1st Paragraph)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Introduction: In our research, we have developed a general computational model of human emotion. The model attempts to account for both the factors that give rise to emotions as well as the wide-ranging impact emotions have on cognitive and behavioral responses. Emotions influence our beliefs, our decision-making and how we adapt our behavior to the world around us. While most apparent in moments of great stress, emotions sway even the mundane decisions we face in everyday life. Emotions also infuse our social relationships. Our interactions with each other are a source of many emotions and we have developed a range of behaviors that can communicate emotional information as well as an ability to recognize and be influenced by the emotional arousal of others. By virtue of their central role and wide influence, emotion arguably provides the means to coordinate the diverse mental and physical components required to respond to the world in a coherent fashion. (1st Paragraph)
152.
Traum, David; Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan
Emotion and Dialogue in the MRE Virtual Humans Proceedings Article
In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 117–127, Kloster Irsee, Germany, 2004.
@inproceedings{traum_emotion_2004,
title = {Emotion and Dialogue in the MRE Virtual Humans},
author = {David Traum and Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Emotion%20and%20Dialogue%20in%20the%20MRE%20Virtual%20Humans.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
volume = {3068},
pages = {117–127},
address = {Kloster Irsee, Germany},
abstract = {We describe the emotion and dialogue aspects of the virtual agents used in the MRE project at USC. The models of emotion and dialogue started independently, though each makes crucial use of a central task model. In this paper we describe the task model, dialogue model, and emotion model, and the interactions between them.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We describe the emotion and dialogue aspects of the virtual agents used in the MRE project at USC. The models of emotion and dialogue started independently, though each makes crucial use of a central task model. In this paper we describe the task model, dialogue model, and emotion model, and the interactions between them.
153.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Technical Details of a Domain-independent Framework for Modeling Emotion Technical Report
University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies Marina del Rey, CA, no. ICT TR 04.2004, 2004.
@techreport{gratch_technical_2004,
title = {Technical Details of a Domain-independent Framework for Modeling Emotion},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Technical%20Details%20of%20a%20Domain-independent%20Framework%20for%20Modeling%20Emotion.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
number = {ICT TR 04.2004},
address = {Marina del Rey, CA},
institution = {University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies},
abstract = {This technical report elaborates on the technical details of the EMA model of emotional appraisal and coping. It should be seen as an appendix to the journal article on this topic (Gratch & Marsella, to appear)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
This technical report elaborates on the technical details of the EMA model of emotional appraisal and coping. It should be seen as an appendix to the journal article on this topic (Gratch & Marsella, to appear)
154.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
A Domain-independent Framework for Modeling Emotion Journal Article
In: Journal of Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 269–306, 2004.
@article{gratch_domain-independent_2004,
title = {A Domain-independent Framework for Modeling Emotion},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20Domain-independent%20Framework%20for%20Modeling%20Emotion.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Cognitive Systems Research},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {269–306},
abstract = {In this article, we show how psychological theories of emotion shed light on the interaction between emotion and cognition, and thus can inform the design of human-like autonomous agents that must convey these core aspects of human behavior. We lay out a general computational framework of appraisal and coping as a central organizing principle for such systems. We then discuss a detailed domain-independent model based on this framework, illustrating how it has been applied to the problem of generating behavior for a significant social training application. The model is useful not only for deriving emotional state, but also for informing a number of the behaviors that must be modeled by virtual humans such as facial expressions, dialogue management, planning, reacting, and social understanding. Thus, the work is of potential interest to models of strategic decision-making, action selection, facial animation, and social intelligence.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this article, we show how psychological theories of emotion shed light on the interaction between emotion and cognition, and thus can inform the design of human-like autonomous agents that must convey these core aspects of human behavior. We lay out a general computational framework of appraisal and coping as a central organizing principle for such systems. We then discuss a detailed domain-independent model based on this framework, illustrating how it has been applied to the problem of generating behavior for a significant social training application. The model is useful not only for deriving emotional state, but also for informing a number of the behaviors that must be modeled by virtual humans such as facial expressions, dialogue management, planning, reacting, and social understanding. Thus, the work is of potential interest to models of strategic decision-making, action selection, facial animation, and social intelligence.
155.
Hill, Randall W.; Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.; Swartout, William; Traum, David
Virtual Humans in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise System Proceedings Article
In: Kunstliche Intelligenzi (KI) (special issue on Embodied Conversational Agents), 2003.
@inproceedings{hill_virtual_2003,
title = {Virtual Humans in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise System},
author = {Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella and William Swartout and David Traum},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Virtual%20Humans%20in%20the%20Mission%20Rehearsal%20Exercise%20System.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-06-01},
booktitle = {Kunstliche Intelligenzi (KI) (special issue on Embodied Conversational Agents)},
abstract = {How can simulation be made more compelling and effective as a tool for learning? This is the question that the Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) set out to answer when it was formed at the University of Southern California in 1999, to serve as a nexus between the simulation and entertainment communities. The ultimate goal of the ICT is to create the Experience Learning System (ELS), which will advance the state of the art in virtual reality immersion through use of high-resolution graphics, immersive audio, virtual humans and story-based scenarios. Once fully realized, ELS will make it possible for participants to enter places in time and space where they can interact with believable characters capable of conversation and action, and where they can observe and participate in events that are accessible only through simulation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
How can simulation be made more compelling and effective as a tool for learning? This is the question that the Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) set out to answer when it was formed at the University of Southern California in 1999, to serve as a nexus between the simulation and entertainment communities. The ultimate goal of the ICT is to create the Experience Learning System (ELS), which will advance the state of the art in virtual reality immersion through use of high-resolution graphics, immersive audio, virtual humans and story-based scenarios. Once fully realized, ELS will make it possible for participants to enter places in time and space where they can interact with believable characters capable of conversation and action, and where they can observe and participate in events that are accessible only through simulation.
156.
Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Fight the Way You Train:The Role and Limits of Emotions in Training for Combat Journal Article
In: Brown Journal of World Affairs, vol. X, pp. 63–76, 2003.
@article{gratch_fight_2003,
title = {Fight the Way You Train:The Role and Limits of Emotions in Training for Combat},
author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Fight%20the%20Way%20You%20Train-The%20Role%20and%20Limits%20of%20Emotions%20in%20Training%20for%20Combat.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-06-01},
journal = {Brown Journal of World Affairs},
volume = {X},
pages = {63–76},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
157.
Traum, David; Rickel, Jeff; Gratch, Jonathan; Marsella, Stacy C.
Negotiation over Tasks in Hybrid Human-Agent Teams for Simulation-Based Training Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), pp. 441–448, Melbourne, Australia, 2003.
@inproceedings{traum_negotiation_2003,
title = {Negotiation over Tasks in Hybrid Human-Agent Teams for Simulation-Based Training},
author = {David Traum and Jeff Rickel and Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Negotiation%20over%20Tasks%20in%20Hybrid%20Human-Agent%20Teams%20for%20Simulation-Based%20Training.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
pages = {441–448},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
abstract = {The effectiveness of simulation-based training for individual tasks – such as piloting skills – is well established, but its use for team training raises challenging technical issues. Ideally, human users could gain valuable leadership experience by interacting with synthetic teammates in realistic and potentially stressful scenarios. However, creating human-like teammates that can support flexible, natural interactions with humans and other synthetic agents requires integrating a wide variety of capabilities, including models of teamwork, models of human negotiation, and the ability to participate in face-to-face spoken conversations in virtual worlds. We have developed such virtual humans by integrating and extending prior work in these areas, and we have applied our virtual humans to an example peacekeeping training scenario to guide and evaluate our research. Our models allow agents to reason about authority and responsibility for individual actions in a team task and, as appropriate, to carry out actions, give and accept orders, monitor task execution, and negotiate options. Negotiation is guided by the agents' dynamic assessment of alternative actions given the current scenario conditions, with the aim of guiding the human user towards an ability to make similar assessments.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The effectiveness of simulation-based training for individual tasks – such as piloting skills – is well established, but its use for team training raises challenging technical issues. Ideally, human users could gain valuable leadership experience by interacting with synthetic teammates in realistic and potentially stressful scenarios. However, creating human-like teammates that can support flexible, natural interactions with humans and other synthetic agents requires integrating a wide variety of capabilities, including models of teamwork, models of human negotiation, and the ability to participate in face-to-face spoken conversations in virtual worlds. We have developed such virtual humans by integrating and extending prior work in these areas, and we have applied our virtual humans to an example peacekeeping training scenario to guide and evaluate our research. Our models allow agents to reason about authority and responsibility for individual actions in a team task and, as appropriate, to carry out actions, give and accept orders, monitor task execution, and negotiate options. Negotiation is guided by the agents' dynamic assessment of alternative actions given the current scenario conditions, with the aim of guiding the human user towards an ability to make similar assessments.
158.
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan
Modeling Coping Behaviors in Virtual Humans: Don't worry, Be Happy Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS), pp. 313–320, Melbourne, Australia, 2003.
@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2003,
title = {Modeling Coping Behaviors in Virtual Humans: Don't worry, Be Happy},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Coping%20Behavior%20in%20Virtual%20Humans-%20Dont%20worry%20Be%20happy.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},
pages = {313–320},
address = {Melbourne, Australia},
abstract = {This article builds on insights into how humans cope with emotion to guide the design of virtual humans. Although coping is increasingly viewed in the psychological literature as having a central role in human adaptive behavior, it has been largely ignored in computational models of emotion. In this paper, we show how psychological research on the interplay between human emotion, cognition and coping behavior can serve as a central organizing principle for the behavior of human-like autonomous agents. We present a detailed domain-independent model of coping based on this framework that significantly extends our previous work. We argue that this perspective provides novel insights into realizing adaptive behavior.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This article builds on insights into how humans cope with emotion to guide the design of virtual humans. Although coping is increasingly viewed in the psychological literature as having a central role in human adaptive behavior, it has been largely ignored in computational models of emotion. In this paper, we show how psychological research on the interplay between human emotion, cognition and coping behavior can serve as a central organizing principle for the behavior of human-like autonomous agents. We present a detailed domain-independent model of coping based on this framework that significantly extends our previous work. We argue that this perspective provides novel insights into realizing adaptive behavior.
159.
Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan
Modeling the Influence of Emotion on Belief for Virtual Training Simulations Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Simulation, Orlando, FL, 2002.
@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2002,
title = {Modeling the Influence of Emotion on Belief for Virtual Training Simulations},
author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20the%20influence%20of%20emotion.pdf},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Simulation},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {Recognizing and managing emotion in oneself and in those under ones command is an important component of leadership training. Most computational models of emotion have focused on the problem of identifying emotional features of the physical environment and mapping that into motivations to act in the world. But emotions also influence how we perceive the world and how we communicate that perception to others. This paper outlines an initial computational foray into this more vexing problem.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Recognizing and managing emotion in oneself and in those under ones command is an important component of leadership training. Most computational models of emotion have focused on the problem of identifying emotional features of the physical environment and mapping that into motivations to act in the world. But emotions also influence how we perceive the world and how we communicate that perception to others. This paper outlines an initial computational foray into this more vexing problem.
160.
Rickel, Jeff; Marsella, Stacy C.; Gratch, Jonathan; Hill, Randall W.; Traum, David; Swartout, William
Toward a New Generation of Virtual Humans for Interactive Experiences Journal Article
In: IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2002.
@article{rickel_toward_2002,
title = {Toward a New Generation of Virtual Humans for Interactive Experiences},
author = {Jeff Rickel and Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and Randall W. Hill and David Traum and William Swartout},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Toward%20a%20New%20Generation%20of%20Virtual%20Humans%20for%20Interactive%20Experiences.pdf},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Intelligent Systems},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Filter
Sorry, no publications matched your criteria.