Publications

@inproceedings{marsella_step_2002,

title = {A step toward irrationality: using emotion to change belief},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20step%20toward%20irrationality-%20using%20emotion%20to%20change%20belief.pdf},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

booktitle = {International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS)},

volume = {1},

pages = {334–341},

address = {Bologna, Italy},

abstract = {Emotions have a powerful impact on behavior and beliefs. The goal of our research is to create general computational models of this interplay of emotion, cognition and behavior to inform the design of virtual humans. Here, we address an aspect of emotional behavior that has been studied extensively in the psychological literature but largely ignored by computational approaches, emotion-focused coping. Rather than motivating external action, emotion-focused coping strategies alter beliefs in response to strong emotions. For example an individual may alter beliefs about the importance of a goal that is being threatened, thereby reducing their distress. We present a preliminary model of emotion-focused coping and discuss how coping processes, in general, can be coupled to emotions and behavior. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment where the models are used to create virtual human characters in high-stress social situations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{traum_ideas_2002,

title = {Ideas on Multi-layer Dialogue Management for Multi-party, Multi-conversation, Multi-modal Communication},

author = {David Traum},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Ideas%20on%20Multi-layer%20Dialogue%20Management%20for%20Multi-party,%20Multi-conversation,%20Multi-modal%20Communication.pdf},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

booktitle = {Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands 2001: Selected Papers from the Twelth CLIN Meeting},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_adaptive_2001,

title = {Adaptive narrative: How autonomous agents, hollywood, and multiprocessing operating systems can live happily ever after},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Jay Douglas},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Adaptive%20Narrative-%20How%20Autonomous%20Agents,%20Hollywood,%20and%20Multiprocessing%20Operating%20Systems%20Can%20Live%20Happily%20Ever%20After.pdf},

doi = {10.1007/3-540-45420-9_12},

isbn = {3-540-42611-6},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-10-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of International Conference on Virtual Storytelling},

pages = {100–112},

address = {Avignon, France},

series = {LNCS},

abstract = {Interacting Storytelling systems integrate AI techniques such as planning with narrative representations to generate stories. In this paper, we discuss the use of planning formalisms in Interactive Storytelling from the perspective of story generation and authoring. We compare two different planning formalisms, Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning and Heuristic Search Planning (HSP). While HTN provide a strong basis for narrative coherence in the context of interactivity, HSP offer additional flexibility and the generation of stories and the mechanisms for generating comic situations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{douglas_adaptive_2001,

title = {Adaptive Narrative: How Autonomous Agents, Hollywood, and Multiprocessing Operating Systems Can Live Happily Ever After},

author = {Jay Douglas and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Adaptive%20Narrative-%20How%20Autonomous%20Agents,%20Hollywood,%20and%20Multiprocessing%20Operating%20Systems%20Can%20Live%20Happily%20Ever%20After.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-06-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {Creating dramatic narratives for real-time virtual reality environments is complicated by the lack of temporal distance between the occurrence of an event and its telling in the narrative. This paper describes the application of a multiprocessing operating system architecture to the creation of adaptive narratives, narratives that use autonomous actors or agents to create real-time dramatic experiences for human interactors. We also introduce the notion of dramatic acts and dramatic functions and indicate their use in constructing this real-time drama.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{swartout_toward_2001,

title = {Toward the Holodeck: Integrating Graphics, Sound, Character and Story},

author = {William Swartout and Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch and W. Lewis Johnson and Chris Kyriakakis and Catherine Labore and Richard Lindheim and Stacy C. Marsella and D. Miraglia and Bridget Moore and Jacquelyn Morie and Jeff Rickel and Marcus Thiebaux and L. Tuch and Richard Whitney and Jay Douglas},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Toward%20the%20Holodeck-%20Integrating%20Graphics,%20Sound,%20Character%20and%20Story.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-06-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {We describe an initial prototype of a holodeck-like environment that we have created for the Mission Rehearsal Exercise Project. The goal of the project is to create an experience learning system where the participants are immersed in an environment where they can encounter the sights, sounds, and circumstances of realworld scenarios. Virtual humans act as characters and coaches in an interactive story with pedagogical goals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{marsella_effect_2001,

title = {The Effect of Affect: Modeling the Impact of Emotional State on the Behavior of Interactive Virtual Humans},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch and Jeff Rickel},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Effect%20of%20Affect-%20Modeling%20the%20Impact%20of%20Emotional%20State%20on%20the%20Behavior%20of%20Interactive%20Virtual%20Humans.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-06-01},

booktitle = {Workshop on Representing, Annotating, and Evaluating Non-Verbal and Verbal Communicative Acts to Achieve Contextual Embodied Agents},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {A person's behavior provides significant information about their emotional state, attitudes, and attention. Our goal is to create virtual humans that convey such information to people while interacting with them in virtual worlds. The virtual humans must respond dynamically to the events surrounding them, which are fundamentally influenced by users' actions, while providing an illusion of human-like behavior. A user must be able to interpret the dynamic cognitive and emotional state of the virtual humans using the same nonverbal cues that people use to understand one another. Towards these goals, we are integrating and extending components from three prior systems: a virtual human architecture with a range of cognitive and motor capabilities, a model of emotional appraisal, and a model of the impact of emotional state on physical behavior. We describe the key research issues, our approach, and an initial implementation in an Army peacekeeping scenario.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_modeling_2001,

title = {Modeling Emotions in the Mission Rehearsal Exercise},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20Emotions%20in%20the%20Mission%20Rehearsal%20Exercise.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-05-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},

pages = {457–466},

address = {Orlando, FL},

abstract = {This paper discusses our attempts to model realistic human behavior in the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise system (MRE), a high-end virtual training environment designed to support dismounted infantry training between a human participant and elements of his command. The system combines immersive graphics, sound, and interactive characters controlled by artificial intelligence programs. Our goal in this paper is to show how some of the daunting subtlety in human behavior can be modeled by intelligent agents and in particular to focus on the role of modeling typical human emotional responses to environmental stimuli.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{ligorio_interlocution_2001,

title = {Interlocution Scenarios for Problem Solving in an Educational MUD Environment},

author = {M. Beatrice Ligorio and Giuseppe Mininni and David Traum},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/INTERLOCUTION%20SCENARIOS%20FOR%20PROBLEM%20SOLVING%20IN%20AN%20EDUCATIONAL%20MUD%20ENVIRONMENT.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-03-01},

booktitle = {1st European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning},

abstract = {This paper presents an analysis of computer mediated collaboration on a problem-solving task in a virtual world. The theoretical framework of this research combines research in Computer Mediated Communication with a social psychology theory of conflict. An experiment was conducted involving universitybstudents performing a problem solving task with a peer in an Educational MUD. Each performance was guided by a predefined script, designed based on the 'common speech' concepts. Al the performances were analyzed in terms of identity perception, conflict perception and cooperation. By looking at the relationship among the CMC environment features, the social influence activated on this environment, the conflict elaboration, and the problem solving strategies, a distinctive 'interlocution scenario' emerged. The results are discussed using contributions from the two theoretical approaches embraced.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{olsen_implicit_2001,

title = {Implicit Cues for Explicit Generation: Using Telicity as a Cue for Tense Structure in Chinese to English MT System},

author = {Mari Olsen and David Traum and Carol Van Ess-Dykema and Amy Weinberg},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Implicit%20Cues%20for%20Explicit%20Generation-%20Using%20Telicity%20as%20a%20Cue%20for%20Tense%20Structure%20in%20Chinese%20to%20English%20MT%20System.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

booktitle = {Machine Translation Summit VIII},

address = {Santiago de Compostela, Spain},

abstract = {In translating from Chinese to English, tense and other temporal information must be inferred from other grammatical and lexical cues. Tense information is crucial to providing accurate and fluent translations into English. Perfective and imperfective grammatical aspect markers can provide cues to temporal structure, but such information is optional in Chinese and is not present in the majority of sentences. We report on a project that assesses the relative contribution of the lexical aspect features of (a)telicity reflected in the Lexical Conceptual Structure of the input text, versus more overt aspectual and adverbial markers of tense, to suggest tense structure in the English translation of a Chinese newspaper corpus. Incorporating this information allows a 20% to 35% boost in the accuracy of tense relization with the best accuracy rate of 92% on a corpus of Chinese articles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_tears_2001,

title = {Tears and Fears: Modeling emotions and emotional behaviors in synthetic agents},

author = {Jonathan Gratch and Stacy C. Marsella},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Tears%20and%20Fears-%20Modeling%20emotions%20and%20emotional%20behaviors%20in%20synthetic%20agents.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},

pages = {278–285},

address = {Montreal, Canada},

abstract = {Emotions play a critical role in creating engaging and believable characters to populate virtual worlds. Our goal is to create general computational models to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. In service of this goal, we integrate two complementary approaches to emotional modeling into a single unified system. Gratch's Émile system focuses on the problem of emotional appraisal: how emotions arise from an evaluation of how environmental events relate to an agent's plans and goals. Marsella et al. 's IPD system focuses more on the impact of emotions on behavior, including the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. This integrated model is layered atop Steve, a pedagogical agent architecture, and exercised within the context of the Mission Rehearsal Exercise, a prototype system designed to teach decision- making skills in highly evocative situations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{damiano_anticipatory_2001,

title = {Anticipatory planning for decision-theoretic grounding and task advancement in mixed-initiative dialogue systems},

author = {Rossana Damiano and David Traum},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Anticipatory%20planning%20for%20decision-theoretic%20grounding%20and%20task%20advancement%20in%20mixed-initiative%20dialogue%20systems.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

booktitle = {NAACL 2001 Workshop on Adaptation in Dialogue Systems},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{marsella_modeling_2001,

title = {Modeling the Interplay of Emotions and Plans in Multi-Agent Simulations},

author = {Stacy C. Marsella and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20the%20Interplay%20of%20Emotions%20and%20Plans%20in%20Multi-Agent%20Simulations.pdf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},

address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},

abstract = {The goal of this research is to create general computational models of the interplay between affect, cognition and behavior. These models are being designed to support characters that act in virtual environments, make decisions, but whose behavior also suggests an underlying emotional current. We attempt to capture both the cognitive and behavioral aspects of emotion, circumscribed to the role emotions play in the performance of concrete physical tasks. We address how emotions arise from an evaluation of the relationship between environmental events and an agent's plans and goals, as well as the impact of emotions on behavior, in particular the impact on the physical expressions of emotional state through suitable choice of gestures and body language. The approach is illustrated within a virtual reality training environment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_human-like_2000,

title = {Human-like behavior, alas, demands human-like intellect},

author = {Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Human-like%20behavior%20alas%20demands%20human-like%20intellect.pdf},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-06-01},

booktitle = {Agents 2000 Workshop on Achieving Human-like Behavior in Interactive Animated Agents},

address = {Barcelona, Spain},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{hill_flexible_2000,

title = {Flexible Group Behavior: Virtual Commanders for Synthetic Battlespaces},

author = {Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch and Paul Rosenbloom},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Flexible%20Group%20Behavior-%20Virtual%20Commanders%20for%20Synthetic%20Battlespaces.pdf},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-06-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Autonomous Agents},

address = {Barcelona, Spain},

abstract = {This paper describes a project to develop autonomous commander agents for synthetic battlespaces. The commander agents plan missions, monitor their execution, and replan when necessary. To reason about the social aspects of group behavior, the commanders take various social stances that enable them to collaborate with friends, exercise or defer to authority, and thwart their foes. The purpose of this paper is to describe these capabilities and how they came to be through a series of lessons learned while developing autonomous agents for this domain.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{kim_how_2000,

title = {How Long Can an Agent Look Away From a Target?},

author = {Youngjun Kim and Randall W. Hill and Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/how%20long%20can%20you%20look%20away%20from%20a%20target.pdf},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-05-01},

booktitle = {9th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},

abstract = {Situation awareness (SA) is the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future [3]. Although the impact of situation awareness and assessment on humans in complex systems is clear, no one theory for SA has been developed. A critical aspect of the SA problem is that agents must construct an overall view of a dynamically changing world using limited sensor channels. For instance, a (virtual) pilot, who visually tracks the location and direction of several vehicles that he cannot see simultaneously, must shift its visual field of view to scan the environment and to sense the situation involved. How he directs his attention, for how long, and how he efficiently reacquires targets is the central question we address in this paper. We describe the perceptual coordination that helps a virtual pilot efficiently track one or more objects. In SA, it is important for a virtual pilot having a limited visual field of view to gather more information from its environment and to choose appropriate actions to take in the environment without losing the target.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{gratch_modeling_2000,

title = {Modeling the Interplay Between Emotion and Decision-Making},

author = {Jonathan Gratch},

url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Modeling%20the%20Interplay%20Between%20Emotion%20and%20Decision-Making.pdf},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation},

abstract = {Current models of computer-generated forces are limited by their inability to model many of the moderators that influence the performance of real troops in the field such as the effects of stress, emotion, and individual differences. This article discusses an extension to our command and control modeling architecture that begins to address how behavioral moderators influence the command decision-making process. Our Soar-Cfor command architecture was developed under the STOW and ASTT programs to support distributed command and control decision-making in the domain of army aviation planning. We have recently extended this architecture to model how people appraise the emotional significance of events and how these events influence decision making.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}