Publications
Search
21.
Wienberg, Christopher; Roemmele, Melissa; Gordon, Andrew S.
Content-Based Similarity Measures of Weblog Authors Proceedings Article
In: ACM Web Science Conference, Paris, France, 2013.
@inproceedings{wienberg_content-based_2013,
title = {Content-Based Similarity Measures of Weblog Authors},
author = {Christopher Wienberg and Melissa Roemmele and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Content-Based%20Similarity%20Measures%20of%20Weblog%20Authors.PDF},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-05-01},
booktitle = {ACM Web Science Conference},
address = {Paris, France},
abstract = {With recent research interest in the confounding roles of homophily and contagion in studies of social influence, there is a strong need for reliable content-based measures of the similarity between people. In this paper, we investigate the use of text similarity measures as a way of predicting the similarity of prolific weblog authors. We describe a novel method of collecting human judgments of overall similarity between two authors, as well as demographic, political, cultural, religious, values, hobbies/interests, personality, and writing style similarity. We then apply a range of automated textual similarity measures based on word frequency counts, and calculate their statistical correlation with human judgments. Our findings indicate that commonly used text similarity measures do not correlate well with human judgments of author similarity. However, various measures that pay special attention to personal pronouns and their context correlate significantly with different facets of similarity.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
With recent research interest in the confounding roles of homophily and contagion in studies of social influence, there is a strong need for reliable content-based measures of the similarity between people. In this paper, we investigate the use of text similarity measures as a way of predicting the similarity of prolific weblog authors. We describe a novel method of collecting human judgments of overall similarity between two authors, as well as demographic, political, cultural, religious, values, hobbies/interests, personality, and writing style similarity. We then apply a range of automated textual similarity measures based on word frequency counts, and calculate their statistical correlation with human judgments. Our findings indicate that commonly used text similarity measures do not correlate well with human judgments of author similarity. However, various measures that pay special attention to personal pronouns and their context correlate significantly with different facets of similarity.
22.
Wienberg, Christopher; Gordon, Andrew S.
PhotoFall: Discovering Weblog Stories Through Photographs Proceedings Article
In: ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Maui, Hawaii, 2012.
@inproceedings{wienberg_photofall_2012,
title = {PhotoFall: Discovering Weblog Stories Through Photographs},
author = {Christopher Wienberg and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/PhotoFall-%20Discovering%20Weblog%20Stories%20Through%20Photographs.PDF},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-01},
booktitle = {ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management},
address = {Maui, Hawaii},
abstract = {An effective means of retrieving relevant photographs from the web is to search for terms that would likely appear in the surrounding text in multimedia documents. In this paper, we investigate the complementary search strategy, where relevant multimedia documents are retrieved using the photographs they contain. We concentrate our efforts on the retrieval of large numbers of personal stories posted to Internet weblogs that are relevant to a particular search topic. Photographs are often included in posts of this sort, typically taken by the author during the course of the narrated events of the story. We describe a new story search tool, PhotoFall, which allows users to quickly find stories related to their topic of interest by judging the relevance of the photographs extracted from top search results. We evaluate the accuracy of relevance judgments made using this interface, and discuss the implications of the results for improving topic-based searches of multimedia content.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
An effective means of retrieving relevant photographs from the web is to search for terms that would likely appear in the surrounding text in multimedia documents. In this paper, we investigate the complementary search strategy, where relevant multimedia documents are retrieved using the photographs they contain. We concentrate our efforts on the retrieval of large numbers of personal stories posted to Internet weblogs that are relevant to a particular search topic. Photographs are often included in posts of this sort, typically taken by the author during the course of the narrated events of the story. We describe a new story search tool, PhotoFall, which allows users to quickly find stories related to their topic of interest by judging the relevance of the photographs extracted from top search results. We evaluate the accuracy of relevance judgments made using this interface, and discuss the implications of the results for improving topic-based searches of multimedia content.
23.
Swanson, Reid; Gordon, Andrew S.
Say Anything: Using Textual Case-Based Reasoning to Enable Open-Domain Interactive Storytelling Journal Article
In: ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), vol. 2, no. 3, 2012.
@article{swanson_say_2012,
title = {Say Anything: Using Textual Case-Based Reasoning to Enable Open-Domain Interactive Storytelling},
author = {Reid Swanson and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Say%20Anything-%20Using%20Textual%20Case-Based%20Reasoning%20to%20Enable%20Open-Domain%20Interactive%20Storytelling.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-09-01},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS)},
volume = {2},
number = {3},
abstract = {We describe Say Anything, a new interactive storytelling system that collaboratively writes textual narra- tives with human users. Unlike previous attempts, this interactive storytelling system places no restrictions on the content or direction of the user’s contribution to the emerging storyline. In response to these contri- butions, the computer continues the storyline with narration that is both coherent and entertaining. This capacity for open-domain interactive storytelling is enabled by an extremely large repository of nonfiction personal stories, which is used as a knowledge base in a case-based reasoning architecture. In this article, we describe the three main components of our case-based reasoning approach: a million-item corpus of personal stories mined from internet weblogs, a case retrieval strategy that is optimized for narrative coherence, and an adaptation strategy that ensures that repurposed sentences from the case base are appropriate for the user’s emerging fiction. We describe a series of evaluations of the system’s ability to produce coherent and entertaining stories, and we compare these narratives with single-author stories posted to internet weblogs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We describe Say Anything, a new interactive storytelling system that collaboratively writes textual narra- tives with human users. Unlike previous attempts, this interactive storytelling system places no restrictions on the content or direction of the user’s contribution to the emerging storyline. In response to these contri- butions, the computer continues the storyline with narration that is both coherent and entertaining. This capacity for open-domain interactive storytelling is enabled by an extremely large repository of nonfiction personal stories, which is used as a knowledge base in a case-based reasoning architecture. In this article, we describe the three main components of our case-based reasoning approach: a million-item corpus of personal stories mined from internet weblogs, a case retrieval strategy that is optimized for narrative coherence, and an adaptation strategy that ensures that repurposed sentences from the case base are appropriate for the user’s emerging fiction. We describe a series of evaluations of the system’s ability to produce coherent and entertaining stories, and we compare these narratives with single-author stories posted to internet weblogs.
24.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Wienberg, Christopher
Different Strokes of Different Folks: Searching for Health Narratives in Weblogs Proceedings Article
In: ASE/IEEE International Conference on Social Computing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012.
@inproceedings{gordon_different_2012,
title = {Different Strokes of Different Folks: Searching for Health Narratives in Weblogs},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Christopher Wienberg},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Different%20Strokes%20of%20Different%20Folks-%20Searching%20for%20Health%20Narratives%20in%20Weblogs.PDF},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-09-01},
booktitle = {ASE/IEEE International Conference on Social Computing},
address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
abstract = {The utility of storytelling in the interaction between healthcare providers and patients is now firmly established, but the potential use of large-scale story collections for health-related inquiry has not yet been explored. In particular, the enormous scale of storytelling in personal weblogs offers investigators in health-related fields new opportunities to study the behavior and beliefs of diverse patient populations outside of clinical settings. In this paper we address the technical challenges in identifying personal stories about specific health issues from corpora of millions of weblog posts. We describe a novel infrastructure for collecting and indexing the stories posted each day to Englishlanguage weblogs, coupled with user interfaces designed to support targeted searches of these collections. We evaluate the effectiveness of this search technology in an effort to identify hundreds of first person and third person accounts of strokes, for the purpose of studying gender differences in the way that these health emergencies are described. Results indicate that the use of relevance feedback significantly improves the effectiveness of the search. We conclude with a discussion of sample biases that are inherent in weblog storytelling and heightened by our approach, and propose ways to mitigate these biases.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The utility of storytelling in the interaction between healthcare providers and patients is now firmly established, but the potential use of large-scale story collections for health-related inquiry has not yet been explored. In particular, the enormous scale of storytelling in personal weblogs offers investigators in health-related fields new opportunities to study the behavior and beliefs of diverse patient populations outside of clinical settings. In this paper we address the technical challenges in identifying personal stories about specific health issues from corpora of millions of weblog posts. We describe a novel infrastructure for collecting and indexing the stories posted each day to Englishlanguage weblogs, coupled with user interfaces designed to support targeted searches of these collections. We evaluate the effectiveness of this search technology in an effort to identify hundreds of first person and third person accounts of strokes, for the purpose of studying gender differences in the way that these health emergencies are described. Results indicate that the use of relevance feedback significantly improves the effectiveness of the search. We conclude with a discussion of sample biases that are inherent in weblog storytelling and heightened by our approach, and propose ways to mitigate these biases.
25.
Karacora, Bilge; Dehghani, Morteza; Krämer-Mertens, Nicole C.; Gratch, Jonathan
The Influence of Virtual Agents' Gender and Rapport on Enhancing Math Performance Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), pp. 563 – 568, Sapporo, Japan, 2012.
@inproceedings{karacora_influence_2012,
title = {The Influence of Virtual Agents' Gender and Rapport on Enhancing Math Performance},
author = {Bilge Karacora and Morteza Dehghani and Nicole C. Krämer-Mertens and Jonathan Gratch},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Influence%20of%20Virtual%20Agents%e2%80%99%20Gender%20and%20Rapport%20on%20Enhancing%20Math%20Performance.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci)},
pages = {563 – 568},
address = {Sapporo, Japan},
abstract = {The purpose of the present research is to investigate whether virtual agents can help enhance participants’ performance, effort and motivation in mathematics. We hypothesize that a minimal amount behavioral realism induced by display of rapport is necessary for any social effects to occur in humancomputer interaction. Further, we examine whether social facilitation effects occur depending on the gender of the participants and the interacting virtual agents. In a 2x2 between subjects design, participants interacted with a male or female virtual agent that either displayed rapport or no rapport. Our results confirm that gender plays a role when interacting with virtual agents that are capable of establishing rapport. Participants’ performance and effort were significantly enhanced when interacting with an agent of opposite gender that displayed rapport. Our results have implications on designing agents for education and training purposes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The purpose of the present research is to investigate whether virtual agents can help enhance participants’ performance, effort and motivation in mathematics. We hypothesize that a minimal amount behavioral realism induced by display of rapport is necessary for any social effects to occur in humancomputer interaction. Further, we examine whether social facilitation effects occur depending on the gender of the participants and the interacting virtual agents. In a 2x2 between subjects design, participants interacted with a male or female virtual agent that either displayed rapport or no rapport. Our results confirm that gender plays a role when interacting with virtual agents that are capable of establishing rapport. Participants’ performance and effort were significantly enhanced when interacting with an agent of opposite gender that displayed rapport. Our results have implications on designing agents for education and training purposes.
26.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Kozareva, Zornitsa; Roemmele, Melissa
SemEval-2012 Task 7: Choice of Plausible Alternatives: An Evaluation of Commonsense Causal Reasoning Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2012), Montreal, Canada, 2012.
@inproceedings{gordon_semeval-2012_2012,
title = {SemEval-2012 Task 7: Choice of Plausible Alternatives: An Evaluation of Commonsense Causal Reasoning},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Zornitsa Kozareva and Melissa Roemmele},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu//pubs/SemEval-2012%20Task%207-%20Choice%20of%20Plausible%20Alternatives-%20An%20Evaluation%20of%20Commonsense%20Causal%20Reasoning.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval 2012)},
address = {Montreal, Canada},
abstract = {SemEval-2012 Task 7 presented a deceptively simple challenge: given an English sentece as a premise, selct the sentence amongst two alternatives that more plausibly has a causal relation to the premise. In this paper, we describe the development of this task and its motivation. We describe the two systems that competed in this task as part of SemEval-2012, and compare their results to those achieved in previously published research. We discuss the characteristics that make this task so difficult, and offer our thoughts on how progress can be made in the future.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
SemEval-2012 Task 7 presented a deceptively simple challenge: given an English sentece as a premise, selct the sentence amongst two alternatives that more plausibly has a causal relation to the premise. In this paper, we describe the development of this task and its motivation. We describe the two systems that competed in this task as part of SemEval-2012, and compare their results to those achieved in previously published research. We discuss the characteristics that make this task so difficult, and offer our thoughts on how progress can be made in the future.
27.
Campbell, Amy; Wienberg, Christopher; Gordon, Andrew S.
Collecting Relevance Feedback on Titles and Photographs in Weblog Posts Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI-12), Lisbon, Portugal, 2012.
@inproceedings{campbell_collecting_2012,
title = {Collecting Relevance Feedback on Titles and Photographs in Weblog Posts},
author = {Amy Campbell and Christopher Wienberg and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu//pubs/Collecting%20Relevance%20Feedback%20on%20Titles%20and%20Photographs%20in%20Weblog%20Posts.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-02-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI-12)},
address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
abstract = {We investigate new interfaces that allow users to specify topics of interest in streams of weblog stories by providing relevance feedback to a search algorithm. Noting that weblog stories often contain photographs taken by the blogger during the course of the narrated events, we investigate whether these photographs can serve as a proxy for the whole post when users are making judgments as to the post's relevance. We developed a new story annotation interface for collecting relevance feedback with three variations: users are presented either with the full post as it appears in a weblog, an embedded photograph, or only the title of the post. We describe a user evaluation that compares annotation time, quality, and subjective user experience across each of these three conditions. The results show that relevance judgments based on embedded photographs or titles are far less accurate than when reading the whole weblog post, but the time required to acquire an accurate model of the user's topic interest is greatly reduced.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We investigate new interfaces that allow users to specify topics of interest in streams of weblog stories by providing relevance feedback to a search algorithm. Noting that weblog stories often contain photographs taken by the blogger during the course of the narrated events, we investigate whether these photographs can serve as a proxy for the whole post when users are making judgments as to the post's relevance. We developed a new story annotation interface for collecting relevance feedback with three variations: users are presented either with the full post as it appears in a weblog, an embedded photograph, or only the title of the post. We describe a user evaluation that compares annotation time, quality, and subjective user experience across each of these three conditions. The results show that relevance judgments based on embedded photographs or titles are far less accurate than when reading the whole weblog post, but the time required to acquire an accurate model of the user's topic interest is greatly reduced.
28.
Mulkar-Mehta, Rutu; Gordon, Andrew S.; Hovy, Eduard; Hobbs, Jerry R.
Causal Markers across Domains and Genres of Discourse Proceedings Article
In: The 6th International Conference on Knowledge Capture, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 2011.
@inproceedings{mulkar-mehta_causal_2011,
title = {Causal Markers across Domains and Genres of Discourse},
author = {Rutu Mulkar-Mehta and Andrew S. Gordon and Eduard Hovy and Jerry R. Hobbs},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Causal%20Markers%20across%20Domains%20and%20Genres%20of%20Discourse.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-06-01},
booktitle = {The 6th International Conference on Knowledge Capture},
address = {Banff, Alberta, Canada},
abstract = {This paper is a study of causation as it occurs in different domains and genres of discourse. There have been various initiatives to extract causality from discourse using causal markers. However, to our knowledge, none of these approaches have displayed similar results when applied to other styles of discourse. In this study we evaluate the nature of causal markers – specifically causatives, between corpora in different domains and genres of discourse and measure the overlap of causal markers using two metrics – Term Similarity and Causal Precision. We find that causal markers, specially causatives (causal verbs) are extremely domain dependent, and moderately genre dependent.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper is a study of causation as it occurs in different domains and genres of discourse. There have been various initiatives to extract causality from discourse using causal markers. However, to our knowledge, none of these approaches have displayed similar results when applied to other styles of discourse. In this study we evaluate the nature of causal markers – specifically causatives, between corpora in different domains and genres of discourse and measure the overlap of causal markers using two metrics – Term Similarity and Causal Precision. We find that causal markers, specially causatives (causal verbs) are extremely domain dependent, and moderately genre dependent.
29.
Roemmele, Melissa; Bejan, Cosmin Adrian; Gordon, Andrew S.
Choice of Plausible Alternatives: An Evaluation of Commonsense Causal Reasoning Proceedings Article
In: AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Stanford University, 2011.
@inproceedings{roemmele_choice_2011,
title = {Choice of Plausible Alternatives: An Evaluation of Commonsense Causal Reasoning},
author = {Melissa Roemmele and Cosmin Adrian Bejan and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Choice%20of%20Plausible%20Alternatives-%20An%20Evaluation%20of%20Commonsense%20Causal%20Reasoning.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-03-01},
booktitle = {AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning},
address = {Stanford University},
abstract = {Research in open-domain commonsense reasoning has been hindered by the lack of evaluation metrics for judging progress and comparing alternative approaches. Taking inspiration from large-scale question sets used in natural language processing research, we authored one thousand English-language questions that directly assess commonsense causal reasoning, called the Choice Of Plausible Alternatives (COPA) evaluation. Using a forced- choice format, each question gives a premise and two plausible causes or effects, where the correct choice is the alternative that is more plausible than the other. This paper describes the authoring methodology that we used to develop a validated question set with sufficient breadth to advance open-domain commonsense reasoning research. We discuss the design decisions made during the authoring process, and explain how these decisions will affect the design of high-scoring systems. We also present the performance of multiple baseline approaches that use statistical natural language processing techniques, establishing initial benchmarks for future systems.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Research in open-domain commonsense reasoning has been hindered by the lack of evaluation metrics for judging progress and comparing alternative approaches. Taking inspiration from large-scale question sets used in natural language processing research, we authored one thousand English-language questions that directly assess commonsense causal reasoning, called the Choice Of Plausible Alternatives (COPA) evaluation. Using a forced- choice format, each question gives a premise and two plausible causes or effects, where the correct choice is the alternative that is more plausible than the other. This paper describes the authoring methodology that we used to develop a validated question set with sufficient breadth to advance open-domain commonsense reasoning research. We discuss the design decisions made during the authoring process, and explain how these decisions will affect the design of high-scoring systems. We also present the performance of multiple baseline approaches that use statistical natural language processing techniques, establishing initial benchmarks for future systems.
30.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Hobbs, Jerry R.
A Commonsense Theory of Mind-Body Interaction Proceedings Article
In: AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Stanford University, 2011.
@inproceedings{gordon_commonsense_2011-1,
title = {A Commonsense Theory of Mind-Body Interaction},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Jerry R. Hobbs},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20Commonsense%20Theory%20of%20Mind-Body%20Interaction.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-03-01},
booktitle = {AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning},
address = {Stanford University},
abstract = {We propose a logical formalization of a commonsense theory of mind-body interaction as a step toward a deep lexical semantics for words and phrases related to this topic.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We propose a logical formalization of a commonsense theory of mind-body interaction as a step toward a deep lexical semantics for words and phrases related to this topic.
31.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Hobbs, Jerry R.; Cox, Michael T.
Anthropomorphic self-models for metareasoning agents Book Section
In: Metareasoning: Thinking about thinking, pp. 295–305, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2011.
@incollection{gordon_anthropomorphic_2011,
title = {Anthropomorphic self-models for metareasoning agents},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Jerry R. Hobbs and Michael T. Cox},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Anthropomorphic%20Self-Models%20for%20Metareasoning%20Agents.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Metareasoning: Thinking about thinking},
pages = {295–305},
publisher = {MIT Press},
address = {Cambridge, MA},
abstract = {Representations of an AI agent's mental states and processes are necessary to enable metareasoning, i.e. thinking about thinking. However, the formulation of suitable representations remains an outstanding AI research challenge, with no clear consensus on how to proceed. This paper outlines an approach involving the formulation of anthropomorphic self-models, where the representations that are used for metareasoning are based on formalizations of commonsense psychology. We describe two research activities that support this approach, the formalization of broad-coverage commonsense psychology theories and use of representations in the monitoring and control of objectlevel reasoning. We focus specifically on metareasoning about memory, but argue that anthropomorphic self-models support the development of integrated, reusable, broadcoverage representations for use in metareasoning systems.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Representations of an AI agent's mental states and processes are necessary to enable metareasoning, i.e. thinking about thinking. However, the formulation of suitable representations remains an outstanding AI research challenge, with no clear consensus on how to proceed. This paper outlines an approach involving the formulation of anthropomorphic self-models, where the representations that are used for metareasoning are based on formalizations of commonsense psychology. We describe two research activities that support this approach, the formalization of broad-coverage commonsense psychology theories and use of representations in the monitoring and control of objectlevel reasoning. We focus specifically on metareasoning about memory, but argue that anthropomorphic self-models support the development of integrated, reusable, broadcoverage representations for use in metareasoning systems.
32.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Bejan, Cosmin Adrian; Sagae, Kenji
Commonsense Causal Reasoning Using Millions of Personal Stories Proceedings Article
In: 25th Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-11), San Francisco, CA, 2011.
@inproceedings{gordon_commonsense_2011,
title = {Commonsense Causal Reasoning Using Millions of Personal Stories},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Cosmin Adrian Bejan and Kenji Sagae},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Commonsense%20Causal%20Reasoning%20Using%20Millions%20of%20Personal%20Stories.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {25th Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-11)},
address = {San Francisco, CA},
abstract = {The personal stories that people write in their Internet weblogs include a substantial amount of information about the causal relationships between everyday events. In this paper we describe our efforts to use millions of these stories for automated commonsense causal reasoning. Casting the commonsense causal reasoning problem as a Choice of Plausible Alternatives, we describe four experiments that compare various statistical and information retrieval approaches to exploit causal information in story corpora. The top performing system in these experiments uses a simple co-occurrence statistic between words in the causal antecedent and consequent, calculated as the Pointwise Mutual Information between words in a corpus of millions of personal stories.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The personal stories that people write in their Internet weblogs include a substantial amount of information about the causal relationships between everyday events. In this paper we describe our efforts to use millions of these stories for automated commonsense causal reasoning. Casting the commonsense causal reasoning problem as a Choice of Plausible Alternatives, we describe four experiments that compare various statistical and information retrieval approaches to exploit causal information in story corpora. The top performing system in these experiments uses a simple co-occurrence statistic between words in the causal antecedent and consequent, calculated as the Pointwise Mutual Information between words in a corpus of millions of personal stories.
33.
Hobbs, Jerry R.; Gordon, Andrew S.
The Deep Lexical Semantics of Emotions Book Section
In: Ahmad, Khurshid (Ed.): Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis: Emotion, Metaphor and Terminology, vol. 45, pp. 27–43, Springer, New York, 2011.
@incollection{hobbs_deep_2011,
title = {The Deep Lexical Semantics of Emotions},
author = {Jerry R. Hobbs and Andrew S. Gordon},
editor = {Khurshid Ahmad},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu//pubs/The%20Deep%20Lexical%20Semantics%20of%20Emotions%20Affective%20Computing%20and%20Sentiment%20Analysis-%20Emotion%20Metaphor%20and%20Terminology.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis: Emotion, Metaphor and Terminology},
volume = {45},
pages = {27–43},
publisher = {Springer},
address = {New York},
series = {Text, Speech and Language Technology},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
34.
Tomai, Emmett; Thapa, Laxman; Gordon, Andrew S.; Kang, Sin-Hwa
Causality in Hundreds of Narratives of the Same Events Proceedings Article
In: The Fourth Workshop on Intelligent Narrative Technologies at the 2011 AI and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE), Stanford, CA, 2011.
@inproceedings{tomai_causality_2011,
title = {Causality in Hundreds of Narratives of the Same Events},
author = {Emmett Tomai and Laxman Thapa and Andrew S. Gordon and Sin-Hwa Kang},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Causality%20in%20Hundreds%20of%20Narratives%20of%20the%20Same%20Events.PDF},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {The Fourth Workshop on Intelligent Narrative Technologies at the 2011 AI and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference (AIIDE)},
address = {Stanford, CA},
abstract = {Empirical research supporting computational models of narrative is often constrained by the lack of large-scale corpora with deep annotation. In this paper, we report on our annotation and analysis of a dataset of 283 individual narrations of the events in two short video clips. The utterances in the narrative transcripts were annotated to align with known events in the source videos, offering a unique opportunity to study the regularities and variations in the way that different people describe the exact same set of events. We identified the causal relationships between events in the two video clips, and investigated the role that causality plays in determining whether subjects will mention a particular story event and the likelihood that these events will be told in the order that they occurred in the original videos.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Empirical research supporting computational models of narrative is often constrained by the lack of large-scale corpora with deep annotation. In this paper, we report on our annotation and analysis of a dataset of 283 individual narrations of the events in two short video clips. The utterances in the narrative transcripts were annotated to align with known events in the source videos, offering a unique opportunity to study the regularities and variations in the way that different people describe the exact same set of events. We identified the causal relationships between events in the two video clips, and investigated the role that causality plays in determining whether subjects will mention a particular story event and the likelihood that these events will be told in the order that they occurred in the original videos.
35.
Wansbury, Timothy; Hart, John; Gordon, Andrew S.; Wilkinson, Jeff
UrbanSim: Training Adaptable Leaders in the Art of Battle Command Proceedings Article
In: Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference (I/ITSEC), Orlando, FL, 2010.
@inproceedings{wansbury_urbansim_2010,
title = {UrbanSim: Training Adaptable Leaders in the Art of Battle Command},
author = {Timothy Wansbury and John Hart and Andrew S. Gordon and Jeff Wilkinson},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/UrbanSim-%20Training%20Adaptable%20Leaders%20in%20the%20Art%20of%20Battle%20Command.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-12-01},
booktitle = {Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference (I/ITSEC)},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {UrbanSim is a game-based learning solution that is designed to train leaders in the execution of the "Art of Battle Command" in complex environments where counterinsurgency (COIN) and stability operations predominate. The UrbanSim experience is divided into three components: a two-hour, self-paced, instruction module that provides students with basic knowledge on the doctrinal principles of COIN and Stability Operations, a game-based practice environment, and an instructor-led After-Action-Review. Built initially to train new battalion commanders attending the U.S. Army School for Command Preparation at Ft. Leavenworth, KS, the UrbanSim Learning Environment has been used to effectively train Soldiers in multiple institutional and operational unit settings. The trainees range in rank from Private (E-1) to Lieutenant Colonel (O-5). The success achieved with the UrbanSim project is attributable to three key factors. First, the tools were developed using proven instructional design principles. Second, the technologies were created using a spiral development process in close collaboration with trainers. Third, the components of the UrbanSim Learning Environment have been employed by trainers experienced in using game-based tools to effectively achieve specific training objectives. This paper describes the UrbanSim Learning Environment. It describes how UrbanSim was designed and developed employing key design principles and lessons learned from previous efforts at creating effective, game-based training tools. It also describes multiple examples of how UrbanSim has been used to effectively train Lieutenant Colonels at the battalion commanders' Pre-Command Course, Majors at the Command and General Staff College, Army Captains at the Maneuver Captains' Career Course (CCC) and at the Military Police CCC, and commanders, staff, and Soldiers assigned to operational battalions in the Army. The paper concludes with a discussion of how and why UrbanSim has been so successful in training Soldiers across such a wide spectrum, and how developers of future training systems could benefit from the UrbanSim experience.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
UrbanSim is a game-based learning solution that is designed to train leaders in the execution of the "Art of Battle Command" in complex environments where counterinsurgency (COIN) and stability operations predominate. The UrbanSim experience is divided into three components: a two-hour, self-paced, instruction module that provides students with basic knowledge on the doctrinal principles of COIN and Stability Operations, a game-based practice environment, and an instructor-led After-Action-Review. Built initially to train new battalion commanders attending the U.S. Army School for Command Preparation at Ft. Leavenworth, KS, the UrbanSim Learning Environment has been used to effectively train Soldiers in multiple institutional and operational unit settings. The trainees range in rank from Private (E-1) to Lieutenant Colonel (O-5). The success achieved with the UrbanSim project is attributable to three key factors. First, the tools were developed using proven instructional design principles. Second, the technologies were created using a spiral development process in close collaboration with trainers. Third, the components of the UrbanSim Learning Environment have been employed by trainers experienced in using game-based tools to effectively achieve specific training objectives. This paper describes the UrbanSim Learning Environment. It describes how UrbanSim was designed and developed employing key design principles and lessons learned from previous efforts at creating effective, game-based training tools. It also describes multiple examples of how UrbanSim has been used to effectively train Lieutenant Colonels at the battalion commanders' Pre-Command Course, Majors at the Command and General Staff College, Army Captains at the Maneuver Captains' Career Course (CCC) and at the Military Police CCC, and commanders, staff, and Soldiers assigned to operational battalions in the Army. The paper concludes with a discussion of how and why UrbanSim has been so successful in training Soldiers across such a wide spectrum, and how developers of future training systems could benefit from the UrbanSim experience.
36.
Swanson, Reid; Gordon, Andrew S.
A Data-Driven Case-Based Reasoning Approach to Interactive Storytelling Proceedings Article
In: The Third International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (ICIDS 2010), Edinburgh, UK, 2010.
@inproceedings{swanson_data-driven_2010,
title = {A Data-Driven Case-Based Reasoning Approach to Interactive Storytelling},
author = {Reid Swanson and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20Data-Driven%20Case-Based%20Reasoning%20Approach%20to%20Interactive%20Storytelling.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-11-01},
booktitle = {The Third International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (ICIDS 2010)},
address = {Edinburgh, UK},
abstract = {In this paper we describe a data-driven interactive story- telling system similar to previous work by Gordon & Swanson. We ad- dresses some of the problems of their system, by combining information retrieval, machine learning and natural language processing. To evaluate our system, we leverage emerging crowd-sourcing communities to collect orders of magnitude more data and show statistical improvement over their system. The end result is a computer agent capable of contributing to stories that are nearly indistinguishable form entirely human written ones to outside observers.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper we describe a data-driven interactive story- telling system similar to previous work by Gordon & Swanson. We ad- dresses some of the problems of their system, by combining information retrieval, machine learning and natural language processing. To evaluate our system, we leverage emerging crowd-sourcing communities to collect orders of magnitude more data and show statistical improvement over their system. The end result is a computer agent capable of contributing to stories that are nearly indistinguishable form entirely human written ones to outside observers.
37.
Gerber, Matt; Gordon, Andrew S.; Sagae, Kenji
Open-domain Commonsense Reasoning Using Discourse Relations from a Corpus of Weblog Stories. Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading (FAM-LbR) NAACL 2010 Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, 2010.
@inproceedings{gerber_open-domain_2010,
title = {Open-domain Commonsense Reasoning Using Discourse Relations from a Corpus of Weblog Stories.},
author = {Matt Gerber and Andrew S. Gordon and Kenji Sagae},
url = {http://www.ict.usc.edu/pubs/Open-domain%20Commonsense%20Reasoning%20Using%20Discourse%20Relations%20from%20a%20Corpus%20of%20Weblog%20Stories.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Formalisms and Methodology for Learning by Reading (FAM-LbR) NAACL 2010 Workshop},
address = {Los Angeles, CA},
abstract = {We present a method of extracting open- domain commonsense knowledge by apply- ing discourse parsing to a large corpus of per- sonal stories written by Internet authors. We demonstrate the use of a linear-time, joint syn- tax/discourse dependency parser for this pur- pose, and we show how the extracted dis- course relations can be used to generate open- domain textual inferences. Our evaluations of the discourse parser and inference models show some success, but also identify a num- ber of interesting directions for future work.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We present a method of extracting open- domain commonsense knowledge by apply- ing discourse parsing to a large corpus of per- sonal stories written by Internet authors. We demonstrate the use of a linear-time, joint syn- tax/discourse dependency parser for this pur- pose, and we show how the extracted dis- course relations can be used to generate open- domain textual inferences. Our evaluations of the discourse parser and inference models show some success, but also identify a num- ber of interesting directions for future work.
38.
Gordon, Andrew S.
Mining Commonsense Knowledge From Personal Stories in Internet Weblogs Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the First Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction, Grenoble, France, 2010.
@inproceedings{gordon_mining_2010,
title = {Mining Commonsense Knowledge From Personal Stories in Internet Weblogs},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Mining%20Commonsense%20Knowledge%20From%20Personal%20Stories%20in%20Internet%20Weblogs.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-05-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the First Workshop on Automated Knowledge Base Construction},
address = {Grenoble, France},
abstract = {Recent advances in automated knowledge base construction have created new opportunities to address one of the hardest challenges in Artificial Intelligence: automated commonsense reasoning. In this paper, we describe our recent efforts in mining commonsense knowledge from the personal stories that people write about their lives in their Internet weblogs. We summarize three preliminary investigations that involve the application of statistical natural language processing techniques to corpora of millions of weblog stories, and outline our current approach to solving a number of outstanding technical challenges.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Recent advances in automated knowledge base construction have created new opportunities to address one of the hardest challenges in Artificial Intelligence: automated commonsense reasoning. In this paper, we describe our recent efforts in mining commonsense knowledge from the personal stories that people write about their lives in their Internet weblogs. We summarize three preliminary investigations that involve the application of statistical natural language processing techniques to corpora of millions of weblog stories, and outline our current approach to solving a number of outstanding technical challenges.
39.
Hobbs, Jerry R.; Gordon, Andrew S.
Goals in a Formal Theory of Commonsense Psychology Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2010), Toronto, Canada, 2010.
@inproceedings{hobbs_goals_2010,
title = {Goals in a Formal Theory of Commonsense Psychology},
author = {Jerry R. Hobbs and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://www.ict.usc.edu/pubs/Goals%20in%20a%20Formal%20Theory%20of%20Commonsense%20Psychology.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-05-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2010)},
address = {Toronto, Canada},
abstract = {In the context of developing formal theories of commonsense psychology, or how peole think they think, we have developed a formal theory of goals. In it we explicate and axiomatize, among others, the goal-related notions of trying, success, failure, functionality, intactness, and importance.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In the context of developing formal theories of commonsense psychology, or how peole think they think, we have developed a formal theory of goals. In it we explicate and axiomatize, among others, the goal-related notions of trying, success, failure, functionality, intactness, and importance.
40.
Swanson, Reid; Gordon, Andrew S.
Say Anything: A Demonstration of Open Domain Interactive Digital Storytelling Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (ICIDS-09), Guimarães, Portugal, 2009.
@inproceedings{swanson_say_2009,
title = {Say Anything: A Demonstration of Open Domain Interactive Digital Storytelling},
author = {Reid Swanson and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Say%20Anything-%20A%20Demonstration%20of%20Open%20Domain%20Interactive%20Digital%20Storytelling.pdf},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-12-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling (ICIDS-09)},
address = {Guimarães, Portugal},
abstract = {Say Anything is a text-based interactive digital storytelling application that differs from other systems in its emphasis on the ability of users to create a narrative in any domain that they wish. The user and computer take turns in writing sentences in an emerging fictional narrative where sentences contributed by the computer are selected from a collection of millions of personal stories extracted from Internet weblogs. In this demonstration, we will present the latest version of the Say Anything application and allow conference participants to author their own original stories using the system.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Say Anything is a text-based interactive digital storytelling application that differs from other systems in its emphasis on the ability of users to create a narrative in any domain that they wish. The user and computer take turns in writing sentences in an emerging fictional narrative where sentences contributed by the computer are selected from a collection of millions of personal stories extracted from Internet weblogs. In this demonstration, we will present the latest version of the Say Anything application and allow conference participants to author their own original stories using the system.
Filter
2008
Manshadi, Mehdi; Swanson, Reid; Gordon, Andrew S.
Learning a Probabilistic Model of Event Sequences From Internet Weblog Stories Proceedings Article
In: 21st Conference of the Florida AI Society, Applied Natural Language Processing Track, Coconut Grove, FL, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{manshadi_learning_2008,
title = {Learning a Probabilistic Model of Event Sequences From Internet Weblog Stories},
author = {Mehdi Manshadi and Reid Swanson and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Learning%20a%20Probabilistic%20Model%20of%20Event%20Sequences%20From%20Internet%20Weblog%20Stories.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-05-01},
booktitle = {21st Conference of the Florida AI Society, Applied Natural Language Processing Track},
address = {Coconut Grove, FL},
abstract = {One of the central problems in building broad-coverage story understanding systems is generating expectations about event sequences, i.e. predicting what happens next given some arbitrary narrative context. In this paper, we describe how a large corpus of stories extracted from Internet weblogs was used to learn a probabilistic model of event sequences using statistical language modeling techniques. Our approach was to encode weblog stories as sequences of events, one per sentence in the story, where each event was represented as a pair of descriptive key words extracted from the sentence. We then applied statistical language modeling techniques to each of the event sequences in the corpus. We evaluated the utility of the resulting model for the tasks of narrative event ordering and event prediction.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
One of the central problems in building broad-coverage story understanding systems is generating expectations about event sequences, i.e. predicting what happens next given some arbitrary narrative context. In this paper, we describe how a large corpus of stories extracted from Internet weblogs was used to learn a probabilistic model of event sequences using statistical language modeling techniques. Our approach was to encode weblog stories as sequences of events, one per sentence in the story, where each event was represented as a pair of descriptive key words extracted from the sentence. We then applied statistical language modeling techniques to each of the event sequences in the corpus. We evaluated the utility of the resulting model for the tasks of narrative event ordering and event prediction.
Hobbs, Jerry R.; Gordon, Andrew S.
The Deep Lexical Semantics of Emotions Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) Workshop on Sentiment Analysis: Emotion, Metaphor, Ontology and Terminology (EMOT), Marrakech, Morocco, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{hobbs_deep_2008,
title = {The Deep Lexical Semantics of Emotions},
author = {Jerry R. Hobbs and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Deep%20Lexical%20Semantics%20of%20Emotions.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-05-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC) Workshop on Sentiment Analysis: Emotion, Metaphor, Ontology and Terminology (EMOT)},
address = {Marrakech, Morocco},
abstract = {We understand discourse so well because we know so much. If we are to have natural language understanding systems that are able to deal with texts with emotional content, we must encode knowledge of human emotions for use in the systems. In particular, we must equip the system with a formal version of people's implicit theory of how emotions mediate between what they experience and what they do, and rules that link the theory with words and phrases in the emotional lexicon. The effort we describe here is part of a larger project in knowledge-based natural language understanding to construct a collection of abstract and concrete core formal theories of fundamental phenomena, geared to language, and to define or at least characterize the most common words in English in terms of these theories (Hobbs, 2008). One collection of theories we have put a considerable amount of work into is a commonsense theory of human cognition, or how people think they think (Hobbs and Gordon, 2005). A formal theory of emotions is an important piece of this. In this paper we describe this theory and our efforts to define a number of the most common words about emotions in terms of this and other theories. Vocabulary related to emotions has been studied extensively within the field of linguistics, with particular attention to cross-cultural differences (Athanasiadou and Tabakowska, 1998; Harkins and Wierzbicka, 2001; Wierzbicka, 1999). Within computational linguistics, there has been recent interest in creating large-scale text corpora where expressions of emotion and other private states are annotated (Wiebe et al., 2005). In Section 2 we describe Core WordNet and our categorization of it to determine the most frequent words about cognition and emotion. In Section 3 we describe an effort to flesh out the emotional lexicon by searching a large corpus for emotional terms, so we can have some assurance of high coverage in both the core theory and the lexical items linked to it. In Section 4 we sketch the principal facets of some of the core theories. In Section 5 we describe the theory of Emotion with several examples of words characterized in terms of the theories.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We understand discourse so well because we know so much. If we are to have natural language understanding systems that are able to deal with texts with emotional content, we must encode knowledge of human emotions for use in the systems. In particular, we must equip the system with a formal version of people's implicit theory of how emotions mediate between what they experience and what they do, and rules that link the theory with words and phrases in the emotional lexicon. The effort we describe here is part of a larger project in knowledge-based natural language understanding to construct a collection of abstract and concrete core formal theories of fundamental phenomena, geared to language, and to define or at least characterize the most common words in English in terms of these theories (Hobbs, 2008). One collection of theories we have put a considerable amount of work into is a commonsense theory of human cognition, or how people think they think (Hobbs and Gordon, 2005). A formal theory of emotions is an important piece of this. In this paper we describe this theory and our efforts to define a number of the most common words about emotions in terms of this and other theories. Vocabulary related to emotions has been studied extensively within the field of linguistics, with particular attention to cross-cultural differences (Athanasiadou and Tabakowska, 1998; Harkins and Wierzbicka, 2001; Wierzbicka, 1999). Within computational linguistics, there has been recent interest in creating large-scale text corpora where expressions of emotion and other private states are annotated (Wiebe et al., 2005). In Section 2 we describe Core WordNet and our categorization of it to determine the most frequent words about cognition and emotion. In Section 3 we describe an effort to flesh out the emotional lexicon by searching a large corpus for emotional terms, so we can have some assurance of high coverage in both the core theory and the lexical items linked to it. In Section 4 we sketch the principal facets of some of the core theories. In Section 5 we describe the theory of Emotion with several examples of words characterized in terms of the theories.
Swanson, Reid; Chew, Elaine; Gordon, Andrew S.
Supporting Musical Creativity With Unsupervised Syntactic Parsing Proceedings Article
In: AAAI Spring Symposium Series, Stanford University, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{swanson_supporting_2008,
title = {Supporting Musical Creativity With Unsupervised Syntactic Parsing},
author = {Reid Swanson and Elaine Chew and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Supporting%20Musical%20Creativity%20With%20Unsupervised%20Syntactic%20Parsing.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-03-01},
booktitle = {AAAI Spring Symposium Series},
address = {Stanford University},
abstract = {Music and language are two human activities that fit well with a traditional notion of creativity and are particularly suited to computational exploration. In this paper we will argue for the necessity of syntactic processing in musical applications. Unsupervised methods offer uniquely interesting approaches to supporting creativity. We will demonstrate using the Constituent Context Model that syntactic structure of musical melodies can be learned automatically without annotated training data. Using a corpus built from the Well Tempered Clavier by Bach we describe a simple classification experiment that shows the relative quality of the induced parse trees for musical melodies.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Music and language are two human activities that fit well with a traditional notion of creativity and are particularly suited to computational exploration. In this paper we will argue for the necessity of syntactic processing in musical applications. Unsupervised methods offer uniquely interesting approaches to supporting creativity. We will demonstrate using the Constituent Context Model that syntactic structure of musical melodies can be learned automatically without annotated training data. Using a corpus built from the Well Tempered Clavier by Bach we describe a simple classification experiment that shows the relative quality of the induced parse trees for musical melodies.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Swanson, Reid
StoryUpgrade: Finding Stories in Internet Weblogs Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_storyupgrade_2008,
title = {StoryUpgrade: Finding Stories in Internet Weblogs},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Reid Swanson},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/StoryUpgrade-%20Finding%20Stories%20in%20Internet%20Weblogs.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-03-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media},
abstract = {The phenomenal rise of Internet weblogging has created new opportunities for people to tell personal stories of their life experience, and the potential to share these stories with those who can most benefit from reading them. One barrier to this new mode of storytelling is the lack of accessibility; existing Internet search tools are not tailored to the unique characteristics of this textual genre. In this paper we describe our efforts to develop a search engine specifically for the stories that appear in Internet weblogs, called StoryUpgrade. This application utilizes statistical text classification technologies to separate story content from other text in weblog entries, and facilitates searches for stories that are related to particular activities of interest.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The phenomenal rise of Internet weblogging has created new opportunities for people to tell personal stories of their life experience, and the potential to share these stories with those who can most benefit from reading them. One barrier to this new mode of storytelling is the lack of accessibility; existing Internet search tools are not tailored to the unique characteristics of this textual genre. In this paper we describe our efforts to develop a search engine specifically for the stories that appear in Internet weblogs, called StoryUpgrade. This application utilizes statistical text classification technologies to separate story content from other text in weblog entries, and facilitates searches for stories that are related to particular activities of interest.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Havasi, Catherine; Lux, Mathias; Strohmaier, Markus
Common Sense Knowledge and Goal-Oriented Interfaces Proceedings Article
In: 2008 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Canary Islands, Spain, 2008.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_common_2008,
title = {Common Sense Knowledge and Goal-Oriented Interfaces},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Catherine Havasi and Mathias Lux and Markus Strohmaier},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Common%20Sense%20Knowledge%20and%20Goal-Oriented%20Interfaces.pdf},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
booktitle = {2008 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces},
address = {Canary Islands, Spain},
abstract = {We present an overview of the workshop on Common Sense Knowledge and Goal-Oriented Interfaces held at the 2008 Intelligent User Interfaces conference. Six papers were accepted from diverse research groups, each offering innovative new research on interfaces that incorporate common sense knowledge and that are oriented around the goals of their users.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We present an overview of the workshop on Common Sense Knowledge and Goal-Oriented Interfaces held at the 2008 Intelligent User Interfaces conference. Six papers were accepted from diverse research groups, each offering innovative new research on interfaces that incorporate common sense knowledge and that are oriented around the goals of their users.
2007
Gordon, Andrew S.; Cao, Yong; Swanson, Reid
Automated Story Capture From Internet Weblogs Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Knowledge Capture, Whistler, BC, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_automated_2007,
title = {Automated Story Capture From Internet Weblogs},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Yong Cao and Reid Swanson},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Automated%20Story%20Capture%20From%20Internet%20Weblogs.pdf},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-10-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Knowledge Capture},
address = {Whistler, BC},
abstract = {mong the most interesting ways that people share knowledge is through the telling of stories, i.e. first-person narratives about real life experiences. Millions of these stories appear in Internet weblogs, offering a potentially valuable resource for future knowledge management and training applications. In this paper we describe efforts to automatically capture stories from Internet weblogs by extracting them using statistical text classification techniques. We evaluate the precision and recall performance of competing approaches. We describe the large-scale application of story extraction technology to Internet weblogs, producing a corpus of stories with over a billion words.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
mong the most interesting ways that people share knowledge is through the telling of stories, i.e. first-person narratives about real life experiences. Millions of these stories appear in Internet weblogs, offering a potentially valuable resource for future knowledge management and training applications. In this paper we describe efforts to automatically capture stories from Internet weblogs by extracting them using statistical text classification techniques. We evaluate the precision and recall performance of competing approaches. We describe the large-scale application of story extraction technology to Internet weblogs, producing a corpus of stories with over a billion words.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Swanson, Reid
Generalizing Semantic Role Annotations Across Syntactically Similar Verbs Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2007 Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-07), Prague, Czech Republic, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_generalizing_2007,
title = {Generalizing Semantic Role Annotations Across Syntactically Similar Verbs},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Reid Swanson},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Generalizing%20Semantic%20Role%20Annotations%20Across%20Syntactically%20Similar%20Verbs.pdf},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-07)},
address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
abstract = {Large corpora of parsed sentences with semantic role labels (e.g. PropBank) provide training data for use in the creation of high-performance automatic semantic role labeling systems. Despite the size of these corpora, individual verbs (or role-sets) often have only a handful of instances in these corpora, and only a fraction of English verbs have even a single annotation. In this paper, we describe an approach for dealing with this sparse data problem, enabling accurate semantic role labeling for novel verbs (rolesets) with only a single training example. Our approach involves the identification of syntactically similar verbs found in PropBank, the alignment of arguments in their corresponding rolesets, and the use of their corresponding annotations in PropBank as surrogate training data.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Large corpora of parsed sentences with semantic role labels (e.g. PropBank) provide training data for use in the creation of high-performance automatic semantic role labeling systems. Despite the size of these corpora, individual verbs (or role-sets) often have only a handful of instances in these corpora, and only a fraction of English verbs have even a single annotation. In this paper, we describe an approach for dealing with this sparse data problem, enabling accurate semantic role labeling for novel verbs (rolesets) with only a single training example. Our approach involves the identification of syntactically similar verbs found in PropBank, the alignment of arguments in their corresponding rolesets, and the use of their corresponding annotations in PropBank as surrogate training data.
2006
Hill, Randall W.; Kim, Julia; Zbylut, MIchelle L.; Gordon, Andrew S.; Traum, David; Gandhe, Sudeep; King, Stewart; Lavis, Salvo; Rocher, Scott
AXL.Net: Web-enabled Case Method Instruction for Accelerating Tacit Knowledge Acquisition in Leaders Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 25th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL, 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{hill_axlnet_2006,
title = {AXL.Net: Web-enabled Case Method Instruction for Accelerating Tacit Knowledge Acquisition in Leaders},
author = {Randall W. Hill and Julia Kim and MIchelle L. Zbylut and Andrew S. Gordon and David Traum and Sudeep Gandhe and Stewart King and Salvo Lavis and Scott Rocher},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/AXLNet-%20Web-enabled%20Case%20Method%20Instruction%20for%20Accelerating%20Tacit%20Knowledge%20Acquisition%20in%20Leaders.PDF},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-11-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Army Science Conference},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {AXL.Net is a prototype web-based immersive technology solution that supports case method teaching for U.S. Army leader development. The AXL.Net system addresses three challenges: (1) designing a pedagogicallysound research prototype for leader development, (2) integrating research technologies with the best of Web 2.0 innovations to enhance case method teaching, and (3) providing an easy to use system. Initial evaluations show that the prototype application and framework is effective for leader development.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
AXL.Net is a prototype web-based immersive technology solution that supports case method teaching for U.S. Army leader development. The AXL.Net system addresses three challenges: (1) designing a pedagogicallysound research prototype for leader development, (2) integrating research technologies with the best of Web 2.0 innovations to enhance case method teaching, and (3) providing an easy to use system. Initial evaluations show that the prototype application and framework is effective for leader development.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Swanson, Reid
Integrating logical inference into statistical text classification applications Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of AAAI Fall Symposium on Integrating Logical Reasoning into Everyday Applications, Washington D.C., 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_integrating_2006,
title = {Integrating logical inference into statistical text classification applications},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Reid Swanson},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Integrating%20Logical%20Inference%20Into%20Statistical%20Text%20Classification%20Applications.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-10-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of AAAI Fall Symposium on Integrating Logical Reasoning into Everyday Applications},
address = {Washington D.C.},
abstract = {Contemporary statistical text classification is becoming increasingly common across a wide range of everyday applications. Typically, the bottlenecks in performance are the availability and consistency of large amounts of training data. We argue that these techniques could be improved by seamlessly integrating logical inference into the text encoding pipeline, making it possible to utilize large-scale commonsense and special-purpose knowledge bases to aid in the interpretation and encoding of documents.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Contemporary statistical text classification is becoming increasingly common across a wide range of everyday applications. Typically, the bottlenecks in performance are the availability and consistency of large amounts of training data. We argue that these techniques could be improved by seamlessly integrating logical inference into the text encoding pipeline, making it possible to utilize large-scale commonsense and special-purpose knowledge bases to aid in the interpretation and encoding of documents.
Gordon, Andrew S.
Fourth Frame Forums: Interactive Comics for Collaborative Learning Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM 2006), Santa Barbara, CA, 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_fourth_2006,
title = {Fourth Frame Forums: Interactive Comics for Collaborative Learning},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Fourth%20Frame%20Forums-%20Interactive%20Comics%20for%20Collaborative%20Learning.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-10-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM 2006)},
address = {Santa Barbara, CA},
abstract = {In this paper, we describe Fourth Frame Forums, an application that combines traditional four-frame comic strips with online web-based discussion forums. In this application, users are presented with a four-frame comic strip where the last dialogue balloon of the fourth frame is left blank. By typing a statement into this dialogue balloon, the user creates a new discussion thread in the forum, where the user?s dialogue choice can be critiqued and discussed by other users of the forum. We argue that Fourth Frame Forums provide an elegant and cost-effective solution for online education and training environments for communities of learners. We provide examples from the domain of US Army leadership development, and compare Fourth Frame Forums to alternative methods of story-directed simulation and training.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we describe Fourth Frame Forums, an application that combines traditional four-frame comic strips with online web-based discussion forums. In this application, users are presented with a four-frame comic strip where the last dialogue balloon of the fourth frame is left blank. By typing a statement into this dialogue balloon, the user creates a new discussion thread in the forum, where the user?s dialogue choice can be critiqued and discussed by other users of the forum. We argue that Fourth Frame Forums provide an elegant and cost-effective solution for online education and training environments for communities of learners. We provide examples from the domain of US Army leadership development, and compare Fourth Frame Forums to alternative methods of story-directed simulation and training.
Gordon, Andrew S.
Language evidence for changes in a Theory of Mind Book Section
In: Arbib, Michael A. (Ed.): Action to Language via the Mirror Neuron System, University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge, UK, 2006, ISBN: 978-0-521-84755-1.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@incollection{gordon_language_2006,
title = {Language evidence for changes in a Theory of Mind},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
editor = {Michael A. Arbib},
url = {http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1172518/?site_locale=en_GB},
isbn = {978-0-521-84755-1},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-09-01},
booktitle = {Action to Language via the Mirror Neuron System},
publisher = {University of Cambridge Press},
address = {Cambridge, UK},
abstract = {Mirror neurons may hold the brain's key to social interaction - each coding not only a particular action or emotion but also the recognition of that action or emotion in others. The Mirror System Hypothesis adds an evolutionary arrow to the story - from the mirror system for hand actions, shared with monkeys and chimpanzees, to the uniquely human mirror system for language. In this accessible 2006 volume, experts from child development, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, primatology and robotics present and analyse the mirror system and show how studies of action and language can illuminate each other. Topics discussed in the fifteen chapters include: what do chimpanzees and humans have in common? Does the human capability for language rest on brain mechanisms shared with other animals? How do human infants acquire language? What can be learned from imaging the human brain? How are sign- and spoken-language related? Will robots learn to act and speak like humans?},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Mirror neurons may hold the brain's key to social interaction - each coding not only a particular action or emotion but also the recognition of that action or emotion in others. The Mirror System Hypothesis adds an evolutionary arrow to the story - from the mirror system for hand actions, shared with monkeys and chimpanzees, to the uniquely human mirror system for language. In this accessible 2006 volume, experts from child development, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, primatology and robotics present and analyse the mirror system and show how studies of action and language can illuminate each other. Topics discussed in the fifteen chapters include: what do chimpanzees and humans have in common? Does the human capability for language rest on brain mechanisms shared with other animals? How do human infants acquire language? What can be learned from imaging the human brain? How are sign- and spoken-language related? Will robots learn to act and speak like humans?
Swanson, Reid; Gordon, Andrew S.
A Comparison of Alternative Parse Tree Paths for Labeling Semantic Roles Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the International Committee on Computational Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING/ACL), Sydney, Australia, 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{swanson_comparison_2006,
title = {A Comparison of Alternative Parse Tree Paths for Labeling Semantic Roles},
author = {Reid Swanson and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/A%20Comparison%20of%20Alternative%20Parse%20Tree%20Paths%20for%20Labeling%20Semantic%20Roles.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-07-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the International Committee on Computational Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics (COLING/ACL)},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
abstract = {The integration of sophisticated inference-based techniques into natural language processing applications first requires a reliable methos of encoding the predicate-argument structure of the propositional context of text. Recent statistical approaches to automated predicate-argument annotaion have utilized parse tree paths as predictive features, which encode the path between a verb predicate and a node in the parse tree that governs its argument. In this paper, we explore a number of alternaitves for how these parse tree paths are encoded, focusing on the difference between automatically generated constituency parses and dependency parses. After describing five alternatives for encoding parse tree paths, we investigate how well each can be aligned with the argument substrings in annotated text corpora, their relative precision and recall performance, and their comparative learning curves. Results indicate that constituency parsers produce parse tree paths that can more easily be aligned to argument substrings, perform better in precision and recall, and have more favorable learning curves than those produced by a dependency parser.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The integration of sophisticated inference-based techniques into natural language processing applications first requires a reliable methos of encoding the predicate-argument structure of the propositional context of text. Recent statistical approaches to automated predicate-argument annotaion have utilized parse tree paths as predictive features, which encode the path between a verb predicate and a node in the parse tree that governs its argument. In this paper, we explore a number of alternaitves for how these parse tree paths are encoded, focusing on the difference between automatically generated constituency parses and dependency parses. After describing five alternatives for encoding parse tree paths, we investigate how well each can be aligned with the argument substrings in annotated text corpora, their relative precision and recall performance, and their comparative learning curves. Results indicate that constituency parsers produce parse tree paths that can more easily be aligned to argument substrings, perform better in precision and recall, and have more favorable learning curves than those produced by a dependency parser.
Gandhe, Sudeep; Gordon, Andrew S.; Traum, David
Improving Question-Answering With Linking Dialogues Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI-2006), Sydney, Australia, 2006.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{gandhe_improving_2006,
title = {Improving Question-Answering With Linking Dialogues},
author = {Sudeep Gandhe and Andrew S. Gordon and David Traum},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Improving%20Question-Answering%20With%20Linking%20Dialogues%20.pdf},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
booktitle = {International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI-2006)},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
abstract = {Question-answering dialogue systems have found many applications in interactive learning environments. This paper is concerned with one such application for Army leadership training, where trainees input free-text questions that elicit pre-recorded video responses. Since these responses are already crafted before the question is asked, a certain degree of incoherence exists between the question that is asked and the answer that is given. This paper explores the use of short linking dialogues that stand in between the question and its video response to alleviate the problem of incoherence. We describe a set of experiments with human generated linking dialogues that demonstrate their added value. We then describe our implementation of an automated method for utilizing linking dialogues and show that these have better coherence properties than the original system without linking dialogues.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Question-answering dialogue systems have found many applications in interactive learning environments. This paper is concerned with one such application for Army leadership training, where trainees input free-text questions that elicit pre-recorded video responses. Since these responses are already crafted before the question is asked, a certain degree of incoherence exists between the question that is asked and the answer that is given. This paper explores the use of short linking dialogues that stand in between the question and its video response to alleviate the problem of incoherence. We describe a set of experiments with human generated linking dialogues that demonstrate their added value. We then describe our implementation of an automated method for utilizing linking dialogues and show that these have better coherence properties than the original system without linking dialogues.
2005
Gordon, Andrew S.; Ganesan, Kavita
Automated Story Capture From Conversational Speech Proceedings Article
In: 3rd International Conference on Knowledge Capture (K-CAP 05), Banff, Alberta, Canada, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_automated_2005,
title = {Automated Story Capture From Conversational Speech},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Kavita Ganesan},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Automated%20Story%20Capture%20From%20Conversational%20Speech.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-10-01},
booktitle = {3rd International Conference on Knowledge Capture (K-CAP 05)},
address = {Banff, Alberta, Canada},
abstract = {While storytelling has long been recognized as an important part of effective knowledge management in organizations, knowledge management technologies have generally not distinguished between stories and other types of discourse. In this paper we describe a new type of technological support for storytelling that involves automatically capturing the stories that people tell to each other in conversations. We describe our first attempt at constructing an automated story extraction system using statistical text classification and a simple voting scheme. We evaluate the performance of this system and demonstrate that useful levels of precision and recall can be obtained when analyzing transcripts of interviews, but that performance on speech recognition data is not above what can be expected by chance. This paper establishes the level of performance that can be obtained using a straightforward approach to story extraction, and outlines ways in which future systems can improve on these results and enable a wide range of knowledge socialization applications.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
While storytelling has long been recognized as an important part of effective knowledge management in organizations, knowledge management technologies have generally not distinguished between stories and other types of discourse. In this paper we describe a new type of technological support for storytelling that involves automatically capturing the stories that people tell to each other in conversations. We describe our first attempt at constructing an automated story extraction system using statistical text classification and a simple voting scheme. We evaluate the performance of this system and demonstrate that useful levels of precision and recall can be obtained when analyzing transcripts of interviews, but that performance on speech recognition data is not above what can be expected by chance. This paper establishes the level of performance that can be obtained using a straightforward approach to story extraction, and outlines ways in which future systems can improve on these results and enable a wide range of knowledge socialization applications.
Gordon, Andrew S.
Commonsense Psychology and the Functional Requirements of Cognitive Models Proceedings Article
In: American Association of Artificial Intelligence Workshop on Modular Construction of Human-Like Intelligence, AAAI Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_commonsense_2005,
title = {Commonsense Psychology and the Functional Requirements of Cognitive Models},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Commonsense%20Psychology%20and%20the%20Functional%20Requirements%20of%20Cognitive%20Models.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-07-01},
booktitle = {American Association of Artificial Intelligence Workshop on Modular Construction of Human-Like Intelligence},
publisher = {AAAI Press},
address = {Pittsburgh, PA},
abstract = {In this paper we argue that previous models of cognitive abilities (e.g. memory, analogy) have been constructed to satisfy functional requirements of implicit commonsense psychological theories held by researchers and nonresearchers alike. Rather than working to avoid the influence of commonsense psychology in cognitive modeling research, we propose to capitalize on progress in developing formal theories of commonsense psychology to explicitly define the functional requirements of cognitive models. We present a taxonomy of 16 classes of cognitive models that correspond to the representational areas that have been addressed in large-scale inferential theories of commonsense psychology. We consider the functional requirements that can be derived from inferential theories for one of these classes, the processes involved in human memory. We argue that the breadth coverage of commonsense theories can be used to better evaluate the explanatory scope of cognitive models, as well as facilitate the investigation of larger-scale cognitive systems.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper we argue that previous models of cognitive abilities (e.g. memory, analogy) have been constructed to satisfy functional requirements of implicit commonsense psychological theories held by researchers and nonresearchers alike. Rather than working to avoid the influence of commonsense psychology in cognitive modeling research, we propose to capitalize on progress in developing formal theories of commonsense psychology to explicitly define the functional requirements of cognitive models. We present a taxonomy of 16 classes of cognitive models that correspond to the representational areas that have been addressed in large-scale inferential theories of commonsense psychology. We consider the functional requirements that can be derived from inferential theories for one of these classes, the processes involved in human memory. We argue that the breadth coverage of commonsense theories can be used to better evaluate the explanatory scope of cognitive models, as well as facilitate the investigation of larger-scale cognitive systems.
Hobbs, Jerry R.; Gordon, Andrew S.
Encoding Knowledge of Commonsense Psychology Proceedings Article
In: 7th International Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Corfu, Greece, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{hobbs_encoding_2005,
title = {Encoding Knowledge of Commonsense Psychology},
author = {Jerry R. Hobbs and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Encoding%20Knowledge%20of%20Commonsense%20Psychology.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-05-01},
booktitle = {7th International Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning},
address = {Corfu, Greece},
abstract = {Introduction: In previous papers (Gordon and Hobbs, 2003, 2004) we have described a methodology for determining what knowledge should be included in the knowledge base for an intelligent agent, capable of constructing and executing plans to achieve its goals. An intelligent agent is at least a planning mechanism, so Gordon (2004) asked what concepts are necessary for the common strategies that people use in achieving their goals. He investigated ten different domains, including politics, personal relationships, artistic performance, and warfare, and collected 372 strategies. He authored representations of these strategies in order to identify a controlled vocabulary involving of concepts. These concepts were categorized into 48 different representational areas, such as sets, space, and time. Thirty of the representational areas, involving 635 concepts, were concerned with commonsense psychology; among these are memory, knowledge management, planning, and so on. This result by itself demonstrates the very great importance of commonsense psychology in the construction of intelligent agents. Gordon et al. (2003) then, to deï¬ne further each of the representational areas, augmented the list of concepts by investigating the English language expressions for concepts in each area. The result was a list of 528 concepts, a set that identiï¬es the target coverage of a formal theory of commonsense psychology. The authors began the development of formal theories that would encompass this list of concepts. In our earlier work (Gordon and Hobbs, 2003), we described the ï¬rst theory we constructed, memory, as an illustration of the method. We have now completed 14 of the 30 theories, and this paper provides an overview of this work as we close in on the halfway mark.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Introduction: In previous papers (Gordon and Hobbs, 2003, 2004) we have described a methodology for determining what knowledge should be included in the knowledge base for an intelligent agent, capable of constructing and executing plans to achieve its goals. An intelligent agent is at least a planning mechanism, so Gordon (2004) asked what concepts are necessary for the common strategies that people use in achieving their goals. He investigated ten different domains, including politics, personal relationships, artistic performance, and warfare, and collected 372 strategies. He authored representations of these strategies in order to identify a controlled vocabulary involving of concepts. These concepts were categorized into 48 different representational areas, such as sets, space, and time. Thirty of the representational areas, involving 635 concepts, were concerned with commonsense psychology; among these are memory, knowledge management, planning, and so on. This result by itself demonstrates the very great importance of commonsense psychology in the construction of intelligent agents. Gordon et al. (2003) then, to deï¬ne further each of the representational areas, augmented the list of concepts by investigating the English language expressions for concepts in each area. The result was a list of 528 concepts, a set that identiï¬es the target coverage of a formal theory of commonsense psychology. The authors began the development of formal theories that would encompass this list of concepts. In our earlier work (Gordon and Hobbs, 2003), we described the ï¬rst theory we constructed, memory, as an illustration of the method. We have now completed 14 of the 30 theories, and this paper provides an overview of this work as we close in on the halfway mark.
Hobbs, Jerry R.; Gordon, Andrew S.
Toward a Large-scale Formal Theory of Commonsense Psychology for Metacognition Proceedings Article
In: American Association of Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium on Metacognitive Computing, Stanford, CA, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{hobbs_toward_2005,
title = {Toward a Large-scale Formal Theory of Commonsense Psychology for Metacognition},
author = {Jerry R. Hobbs and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Toward%20a%20Large-scale%20Formal%20Theory%20of%20Commonsense%20Psychology%20for%20Metacognition.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-03-01},
booktitle = {American Association of Artificial Intelligence Spring Symposium on Metacognitive Computing},
address = {Stanford, CA},
abstract = {Robust intelligent systems will require a capacity for metacognitive reasoning, where intelligent systems monitor and reflect on their own reasoning processes. A large-scale study of human strategic reasoning indicates that rich representational models of commonsense psychology are available to enable human metacognition. In this paper, we argue that large-scale formalizations of commonsense psychology enable metacognitive reasoning in intelligent systems. We describe our progress toward developing 30 integrated axiomatic theories of commonsense psychology, and discuss the central representational challenges that have arisen in this work to date.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Robust intelligent systems will require a capacity for metacognitive reasoning, where intelligent systems monitor and reflect on their own reasoning processes. A large-scale study of human strategic reasoning indicates that rich representational models of commonsense psychology are available to enable human metacognition. In this paper, we argue that large-scale formalizations of commonsense psychology enable metacognitive reasoning in intelligent systems. We describe our progress toward developing 30 integrated axiomatic theories of commonsense psychology, and discuss the central representational challenges that have arisen in this work to date.
Swanson, Reid; Gordon, Andrew S.
Automated Commonsense Reasoning About Human Memory Proceedings Article
In: AAAI Spring Symposium on Metacognitive Computing, Stanford, CA, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{swanson_automated_2005,
title = {Automated Commonsense Reasoning About Human Memory},
author = {Reid Swanson and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Automated%20Commonsense%20Reasoning%20About%20Human%20Memory.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-03-01},
booktitle = {AAAI Spring Symposium on Metacognitive Computing},
address = {Stanford, CA},
abstract = {Metacognitive reasoning in computational systems will be enabled by the development of formal theories that have broad coverage over mental states and processes as well as inferential competency. In this paper we evaluate the inferential competency of an existing formal theory of commonsense human memory by attempting to use it to validate the appropriateness of a commonsense memory strategy. We formulate a particular memory strategy (to create an associated obstacle) as a theorem in first-order predicate calculus. We then attempt to validate this strategy by showing that it is entailed by the axioms of the theory we evaluated. These axioms were encoded into the syntax of an automated reasoning system, which was used to automatically generate inferences and search for formal proofs.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Metacognitive reasoning in computational systems will be enabled by the development of formal theories that have broad coverage over mental states and processes as well as inferential competency. In this paper we evaluate the inferential competency of an existing formal theory of commonsense human memory by attempting to use it to validate the appropriateness of a commonsense memory strategy. We formulate a particular memory strategy (to create an associated obstacle) as a theorem in first-order predicate calculus. We then attempt to validate this strategy by showing that it is entailed by the axioms of the theory we evaluated. These axioms were encoded into the syntax of an automated reasoning system, which was used to automatically generate inferences and search for formal proofs.
Gordon, Andrew S.
The Fictionalization of Lessons Learned Journal Article
In: IEEE Multimedia, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 12–14, 2005.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@article{gordon_fictionalization_2005,
title = {The Fictionalization of Lessons Learned},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Fictionalization%20of%20Lessons%20Learned.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Multimedia},
volume = {12},
number = {4},
pages = {12–14},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2004
Hill, Randall W.; Gordon, Andrew S.; Kim, Julia
Learning the Lessons of Leadership Experience: Tools for Interactive Case Method Analysis Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{hill_learning_2004,
title = {Learning the Lessons of Leadership Experience: Tools for Interactive Case Method Analysis},
author = {Randall W. Hill and Andrew S. Gordon and Julia Kim},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/LEARNING%20THE%20LESSONS%20OF%20LEADERSHIP%20EXPERIENCE-%20TOOLS%20FOR%20INTERACTIVE%20CASE%20METHOD%20ANALYSIS.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-12-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {The Army Excellence in Leadership (AXL) project at the University of Southern California's Institute for Creative Technologies is aimed at supporting the acquisition of tacit knowledge of military leadership through the development of compelling filmed narratives of leadership scenarios and interactive training technologies. The approach taken in the AXL project is to leverage the best practices of case-method teaching and use Hollywood storytelling techniques to create fictional case studies (as filmed media) addressing specific leadership issues. In addition to authoring compelling cases for analysis, we have developed software prototypes that instantiate the case-method teaching approach. These systems engage individual trainees in human-computer dialogues that are focused on the leadership issues that have been embedded in the fictional cases.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The Army Excellence in Leadership (AXL) project at the University of Southern California's Institute for Creative Technologies is aimed at supporting the acquisition of tacit knowledge of military leadership through the development of compelling filmed narratives of leadership scenarios and interactive training technologies. The approach taken in the AXL project is to leverage the best practices of case-method teaching and use Hollywood storytelling techniques to create fictional case studies (as filmed media) addressing specific leadership issues. In addition to authoring compelling cases for analysis, we have developed software prototypes that instantiate the case-method teaching approach. These systems engage individual trainees in human-computer dialogues that are focused on the leadership issues that have been embedded in the fictional cases.
Gandhe, Sudeep; Gordon, Andrew S.; Leuski, Anton; Traum, David
First Steps Toward Linking Dialogues: Mediating Between Free-text Questions and Pre-recorded Video Answers Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference, Orlando, FL, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group, Virtual Humans
@inproceedings{gandhe_first_2004,
title = {First Steps Toward Linking Dialogues: Mediating Between Free-text Questions and Pre-recorded Video Answers},
author = {Sudeep Gandhe and Andrew S. Gordon and Anton Leuski and David Traum},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/First%20Steps%20Toward%20Linking%20Dialogues-%20Mediating%20Between%20Free-text%20Questions%20and%20Pre-recorded%20Video%20Answers.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-12-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference},
address = {Orlando, FL},
abstract = {Pre-recorded video segments can be very compelling for a variety of immersive training purposes, including providing answers to questions in after-action reviews. Answering questions fluently using pre-recorded video poses challenges, however. When humans interact, answers are constructed after questions are posed. When answers are pre-recorded, even if a correct answer exists in a library of video segments, the answer may be phrased in a way that is not coherent with the question. This paper reports on basic research experiments with short "linking dialogues" that mediate between the question and answer to reduce (or eliminate) the incoherence, resulting in more natural human-system interaction. A set of experiments were performed in which links were elicited to bridge between questions from users of an existing training application and selected answers from the system, and then comparisons made with unlinked answers. The results show that a linking dialogue can signiï¬cantly increase the perceived relevance of the system's answers.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group, Virtual Humans},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Pre-recorded video segments can be very compelling for a variety of immersive training purposes, including providing answers to questions in after-action reviews. Answering questions fluently using pre-recorded video poses challenges, however. When humans interact, answers are constructed after questions are posed. When answers are pre-recorded, even if a correct answer exists in a library of video segments, the answer may be phrased in a way that is not coherent with the question. This paper reports on basic research experiments with short "linking dialogues" that mediate between the question and answer to reduce (or eliminate) the incoherence, resulting in more natural human-system interaction. A set of experiments were performed in which links were elicited to bridge between questions from users of an existing training application and selected answers from the system, and then comparisons made with unlinked answers. The results show that a linking dialogue can signiï¬cantly increase the perceived relevance of the system's answers.
Iuppa, Nicholas; Weltman, Gershon; Gordon, Andrew S.
Bringing Hollywood Storytelling Techniques to Branching Storylines for Training Applications Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference for Narrative and Interactive Learning Environments, Edinburgh, Scotland, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{iuppa_bringing_2004,
title = {Bringing Hollywood Storytelling Techniques to Branching Storylines for Training Applications},
author = {Nicholas Iuppa and Gershon Weltman and Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Bringing%20Hollywood%20Storytelling%20Techniques%20to%20Branching%20Storylines%20for%20Training%20Applications.PDF},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third International Conference for Narrative and Interactive Learning Environments},
address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
abstract = {This paper describes the value of capitalizing on Hollywood storytelling techniques in the design of story-based training applications built around branching storylines. After reviewing the design of Outcome-Driven Simulations and the technical aspects of our application prototype, we describe storytelling techniques that greatly improve the level of user engagement in training simulations based on this design. These techniques concern the overall development of the story, the use of a story arc, the critical decisions in a story, notions of pay off and climax, dramatic sequences, character bibles, characters as a Greek chorus, and the significance of consequences and outcomes. Examples of each of these storytelling techniques are given in the context of the ICT Leaders Project, a prototype leadership development application for the US Army.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper describes the value of capitalizing on Hollywood storytelling techniques in the design of story-based training applications built around branching storylines. After reviewing the design of Outcome-Driven Simulations and the technical aspects of our application prototype, we describe storytelling techniques that greatly improve the level of user engagement in training simulations based on this design. These techniques concern the overall development of the story, the use of a story arc, the critical decisions in a story, notions of pay off and climax, dramatic sequences, character bibles, characters as a Greek chorus, and the significance of consequences and outcomes. Examples of each of these storytelling techniques are given in the context of the ICT Leaders Project, a prototype leadership development application for the US Army.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Nair, Anish
Expressions Related to Knowledge and Belief in Children's Speech Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Chicago, IL, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_expressions_2004,
title = {Expressions Related to Knowledge and Belief in Children's Speech},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Anish Nair},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Expressions%20Related%20to%20Knowledge%20and%20Belief%20in%20Childrens%20Speech.PDF},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci)},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {Chicago, IL},
abstract = {Children develop certain abilities related to Theory of Mind reasoning, particularly concerning the False-belief Task, between the ages of 3 and 5. This paper investigates whether there is a corresponding change in the frequency of linguistic expressions related to knowledge and belief produced by children around these ages. Automated corpus analysis techniques are used to tag each expression related to knowledge and belief in a large corpus of transcripts of speech from normally developing English-learning children. Results indicate that the frequency of expressions related to knowledge and belief increases steadily from the beginning of children's language production. Tracking of individual concepts related to knowledge and belief indicates that there are no clear qualitative changes in the set of concepts that are expressed by children of different ages. The implications for the relationship between language and the development of Theory of Mind reasoning abilities in children are discussed.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Children develop certain abilities related to Theory of Mind reasoning, particularly concerning the False-belief Task, between the ages of 3 and 5. This paper investigates whether there is a corresponding change in the frequency of linguistic expressions related to knowledge and belief produced by children around these ages. Automated corpus analysis techniques are used to tag each expression related to knowledge and belief in a large corpus of transcripts of speech from normally developing English-learning children. Results indicate that the frequency of expressions related to knowledge and belief increases steadily from the beginning of children's language production. Tracking of individual concepts related to knowledge and belief indicates that there are no clear qualitative changes in the set of concepts that are expressed by children of different ages. The implications for the relationship between language and the development of Theory of Mind reasoning abilities in children are discussed.
Gordon, Andrew S.
Authoring Branching Storylines for Training Applications Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS), Santa Monica, CA, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_authoring_2004,
title = {Authoring Branching Storylines for Training Applications},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Authoring%20Branching%20Storylines%20for%20Training%20Applications.PDF},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS)},
address = {Santa Monica, CA},
abstract = {Progress in the area of interactive training applications has led to the formulation of methodologies that have been successfully transitioned out of research labs and into the practices of commercial developers. This paper reviews the academic origins of a methodology for developing training applications that incorporate branching storylines to engage users in a firstperson learn-by-doing experience, originally referred to as Outcome-Driven Simulations. Innovations and modifications to this methodology from the commercial sector are then reviewed, and the steps in this methodology are described, as implemented in current best practices. Finally, new research efforts based on this methodology are examined, including the introduction of natural language processing technology to enable human-computer conversations and the integration of branching storylines into real-time virtual reality environments. A prototype application to support leadership development within the U.S. Army that includes these advances is described.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Progress in the area of interactive training applications has led to the formulation of methodologies that have been successfully transitioned out of research labs and into the practices of commercial developers. This paper reviews the academic origins of a methodology for developing training applications that incorporate branching storylines to engage users in a firstperson learn-by-doing experience, originally referred to as Outcome-Driven Simulations. Innovations and modifications to this methodology from the commercial sector are then reviewed, and the steps in this methodology are described, as implemented in current best practices. Finally, new research efforts based on this methodology are examined, including the introduction of natural language processing technology to enable human-computer conversations and the integration of branching storylines into real-time virtual reality environments. A prototype application to support leadership development within the U.S. Army that includes these advances is described.
Gordon, Andrew S.
Tough Love Between Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of IE2004: Australian Workshop on Interactive Entertainment, Sydney, Australia, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_tough_2004,
title = {Tough Love Between Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Tough%20Love%20Between%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20and%20Interactive%20Entertainment.PDF},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-02-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of IE2004: Australian Workshop on Interactive Entertainment},
address = {Sydney, Australia},
abstract = {Burgeoning interest in Interactive Entertainment has led many computer scientists with roots in Artificial Intelligence toward the exploration of ideas in mass-market entertainment applications. Increasing numbers of workshops, journals, and funding programs for Interactive Entertainment indicate that AI researchers in this area have a good sense for following hot new trends, but are they vanguards of a fruitful science or misguided opportunists? In this IE2004 invited talk, I'll explore the relationship between AI research and the Interactive Entertainment field, from its seductive courtship through its rocky marriage, and offer some relationship advice for the future.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Burgeoning interest in Interactive Entertainment has led many computer scientists with roots in Artificial Intelligence toward the exploration of ideas in mass-market entertainment applications. Increasing numbers of workshops, journals, and funding programs for Interactive Entertainment indicate that AI researchers in this area have a good sense for following hot new trends, but are they vanguards of a fruitful science or misguided opportunists? In this IE2004 invited talk, I'll explore the relationship between AI research and the Interactive Entertainment field, from its seductive courtship through its rocky marriage, and offer some relationship advice for the future.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Lent, Michael; Velson, Martin; Carpenter, Paul; Jhala, Arnav
Branching Storylines in Virtual Reality Environments for Leadership Development Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 16th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference (IAAI-04), pp. 844–851, AAAI Press, San Jose, CA, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_branching_2004,
title = {Branching Storylines in Virtual Reality Environments for Leadership Development},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Michael Lent and Martin Velson and Paul Carpenter and Arnav Jhala},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Branching%20Storylines%20in%20Virtual%20Reality%20Environments%20for%20Leadership%20Development.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference (IAAI-04)},
pages = {844–851},
publisher = {AAAI Press},
address = {San Jose, CA},
abstract = {Simulation-based training is increasingly being used within the military to practice and develop the skills of successful soldiers. For the skills associated with successful military leadership, our inability to model human behavior to the necessary degree of fidelity in constructive simulations requires that new interactive designs be developed. The ICT Leaders project supports leadership development through the use of branching storylines realized within a virtual reality environment. Trainees assume a role in a fictional scenario, where the decisions that they make in this environment ultimately affect the success of a mission. All trainee decisions are made in the context of natural language conversations with virtual characters. The ICT Leaders project advances a new form of interactive training by incorporating a suite of Artificial Intelligence technologies, including control architectures, agents of mixed autonomy, and natural language processing algorithms.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Simulation-based training is increasingly being used within the military to practice and develop the skills of successful soldiers. For the skills associated with successful military leadership, our inability to model human behavior to the necessary degree of fidelity in constructive simulations requires that new interactive designs be developed. The ICT Leaders project supports leadership development through the use of branching storylines realized within a virtual reality environment. Trainees assume a role in a fictional scenario, where the decisions that they make in this environment ultimately affect the success of a mission. All trainee decisions are made in the context of natural language conversations with virtual characters. The ICT Leaders project advances a new form of interactive training by incorporating a suite of Artificial Intelligence technologies, including control architectures, agents of mixed autonomy, and natural language processing algorithms.
Gordon, Andrew S.
The Representation of Planning Strategies Journal Article
In: Artificial Intelligence, vol. 153, pp. 287–305, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@article{gordon_representation_2004,
title = {The Representation of Planning Strategies},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Representation%20of%20Planning%20Strategies.PDF},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
volume = {153},
pages = {287–305},
abstract = {An analysis of strategies, recognizable abstract patterns of planned behavior, highlights the difference between the assumptions that people make about their own planning processes and the representational commitments made in current automated planning systems. This article describes a project to collect and represent strategies on a large scale to identify the representational components of our commonsense understanding of intentional action. Three hundred and seventy-two strategies were collected from ten different planning domains. Each was represented in a pre-formal manner designed to reveal the assumptions that these strategies make concerning the human planning process. The contents of these representations, consisting of nearly one thousand unique concepts, were then collected and organized into forty-eight groups that outline the representational requirements of strategic planning systems.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
An analysis of strategies, recognizable abstract patterns of planned behavior, highlights the difference between the assumptions that people make about their own planning processes and the representational commitments made in current automated planning systems. This article describes a project to collect and represent strategies on a large scale to identify the representational components of our commonsense understanding of intentional action. Three hundred and seventy-two strategies were collected from ten different planning domains. Each was represented in a pre-formal manner designed to reveal the assumptions that these strategies make concerning the human planning process. The contents of these representations, consisting of nearly one thousand unique concepts, were then collected and organized into forty-eight groups that outline the representational requirements of strategic planning systems.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Hobbs, Jerry R.
Formalizations of Commonsense Psychology Journal Article
In: AI Magazine, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 49–62, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@article{gordon_formalizations_2004,
title = {Formalizations of Commonsense Psychology},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Jerry R. Hobbs},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Formalizations%20of%20Commonsense%20Psychology.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {AI Magazine},
volume = {24},
number = {5},
pages = {49–62},
abstract = {The central challenge in commonsense knowledge representation research is to develop content theories that achieve a high degree of both competency and coverage. We describe a new methodology for constructing formal theories in commonsense knowledge domains that complements traditional knowledge representation approaches by first addressing issues of coverage. We show how a close examination of a very general task (strategic planning) leads to a catalog of the concepts and facts that must be encoded for general commonsense reasoning. These concepts are sorted into a manageable number of coherent domains, one of which is the representational area of commonsense human memory. We then elaborate on these concepts using textual corpus-analysis techniques, where the conceptual distinctions made in natural language are used to improve the definitions of the concepts that should be expressible in our formal theories. These representational areas are then analyzed using more traditional knowledge representation techniques, as demonstrated in this article by our treatment of commonsense human memory.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The central challenge in commonsense knowledge representation research is to develop content theories that achieve a high degree of both competency and coverage. We describe a new methodology for constructing formal theories in commonsense knowledge domains that complements traditional knowledge representation approaches by first addressing issues of coverage. We show how a close examination of a very general task (strategic planning) leads to a catalog of the concepts and facts that must be encoded for general commonsense reasoning. These concepts are sorted into a manageable number of coherent domains, one of which is the representational area of commonsense human memory. We then elaborate on these concepts using textual corpus-analysis techniques, where the conceptual distinctions made in natural language are used to improve the definitions of the concepts that should be expressible in our formal theories. These representational areas are then analyzed using more traditional knowledge representation techniques, as demonstrated in this article by our treatment of commonsense human memory.
Gordon, Andrew S.
Strategy Representation: An Analysis of Planning Knowledge Book
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates/Psychology Press, Mahwah, NJ, 2004, ISBN: 0-8058-4527-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@book{gordon_strategy_2004,
title = {Strategy Representation: An Analysis of Planning Knowledge},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://people.ict.usc.edu/ gordon/sr.html},
isbn = {0-8058-4527-5},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates/Psychology Press},
address = {Mahwah, NJ},
abstract = {Strategy Representation: An Analysis of Planning Knowledge describes an innovative methodology for investigating the conceptual structures that underlie human reasoning. This work explores the nature of planning strategies-the abstract patterns of planning behavior that people recognize across a broad range of real world situations. With a sense of scale that is rarely seen in the cognitive sciences, this book catalogs 372 strategies across 10 different planning domains: business practices, education, object counting, Machiavellian politics, warfare, scientific discovery, personal relationships, musical performance, and the anthropomorphic strategies of animal behavior and cellular immunology. Noting that strategies often serve as the basis for analogies that people draw across planning situations, this work attempts to explain these analogies by defining the fundamental concepts that are common across all instances of each strategy. By aggregating evidence from each of the strategy definitions provided, the representational requirements of strategic planning are identified. The important finding is that the concepts that underlie strategic reasoning are of incredibly broad scope. Nearly 1,000 fundamental concepts are identified, covering every existing area of knowledge representation research and many areas that have not yet been adequately formalized, particularly those related to common sense understanding of mental states and processes. An organization of these concepts into 48 fundamental areas of knowledge and representation is provided, offering an invaluable roadmap for progress within the field.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Strategy Representation: An Analysis of Planning Knowledge describes an innovative methodology for investigating the conceptual structures that underlie human reasoning. This work explores the nature of planning strategies-the abstract patterns of planning behavior that people recognize across a broad range of real world situations. With a sense of scale that is rarely seen in the cognitive sciences, this book catalogs 372 strategies across 10 different planning domains: business practices, education, object counting, Machiavellian politics, warfare, scientific discovery, personal relationships, musical performance, and the anthropomorphic strategies of animal behavior and cellular immunology. Noting that strategies often serve as the basis for analogies that people draw across planning situations, this work attempts to explain these analogies by defining the fundamental concepts that are common across all instances of each strategy. By aggregating evidence from each of the strategy definitions provided, the representational requirements of strategic planning are identified. The important finding is that the concepts that underlie strategic reasoning are of incredibly broad scope. Nearly 1,000 fundamental concepts are identified, covering every existing area of knowledge representation research and many areas that have not yet been adequately formalized, particularly those related to common sense understanding of mental states and processes. An organization of these concepts into 48 fundamental areas of knowledge and representation is provided, offering an invaluable roadmap for progress within the field.
2003
Hill, Randall W.; Douglas, Jay; Gordon, Andrew S.; Pighin, Frédéric; Velson, Martin
Guided Conversations about Leadership: Mentoring with Movies and Interactive Characters Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 15th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, Acapulco, Mexico, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{hill_guided_2003,
title = {Guided Conversations about Leadership: Mentoring with Movies and Interactive Characters},
author = {Randall W. Hill and Jay Douglas and Andrew S. Gordon and Frédéric Pighin and Martin Velson},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Guided%20Conversations%20about%20Leadership-%20Mentoring%20with%20Movies%20and%20Interactive%20Characters.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference},
address = {Acapulco, Mexico},
abstract = {Think Like a Commander - Excellence in Leadership (TLAC-XL) is an application designed for learning leadership skills both from the experiences of others and through a structured dialogue about issues raised in a vignette. The participant watches a movie, interacts with a synthetic mentor and interviews characters in the story. The goal is to enable leaders to learn the human dimensions of leadership, addressing a gap in the training tools currently available to the U.S. Army. The TLAC-XL application employs a number of Artificial Intelligence technologies, including the use of a coordination architecture, a machine learning approach to natural language processing, and an algorithm for the automated animation of rendered human faces.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Think Like a Commander - Excellence in Leadership (TLAC-XL) is an application designed for learning leadership skills both from the experiences of others and through a structured dialogue about issues raised in a vignette. The participant watches a movie, interacts with a synthetic mentor and interviews characters in the story. The goal is to enable leaders to learn the human dimensions of leadership, addressing a gap in the training tools currently available to the U.S. Army. The TLAC-XL application employs a number of Artificial Intelligence technologies, including the use of a coordination architecture, a machine learning approach to natural language processing, and an algorithm for the automated animation of rendered human faces.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Kazemzadeh, Abe; Nair, Anish; Petrova, Milena
Recognizing Expressions of Commonsense Psychology in English Text Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Sapporo, Japan, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_recognizing_2003,
title = {Recognizing Expressions of Commonsense Psychology in English Text},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Abe Kazemzadeh and Anish Nair and Milena Petrova},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Recognizing%20Expressions%20of%20Commonsense%20Psychology%20in%20English%20Text.PDF},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-07-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)},
address = {Sapporo, Japan},
abstract = {Many applications of natural language processing technologies involve analyzing texts that concern the psychological states and processes of people, including their beliefs, goals, predictions, explanations, and plans. In this paper, we describe our efforts to create a robust, large-scale lexical-semantic resource for the recognition and classification of expressions of commonsense psychology in English Text. We achieve high levels of precision and recall by hand-authoring sets of local grammars for commonsense psychology concepts, and show that this approach can achieve classification performance greater than that obtained by using machine learning techniques. We demonstrate the utility of this resource for large-scale corpus analysis by identifying references to adversarial and competitive goal in political speeches throughout U.S. history.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Many applications of natural language processing technologies involve analyzing texts that concern the psychological states and processes of people, including their beliefs, goals, predictions, explanations, and plans. In this paper, we describe our efforts to create a robust, large-scale lexical-semantic resource for the recognition and classification of expressions of commonsense psychology in English Text. We achieve high levels of precision and recall by hand-authoring sets of local grammars for commonsense psychology concepts, and show that this approach can achieve classification performance greater than that obtained by using machine learning techniques. We demonstrate the utility of this resource for large-scale corpus analysis by identifying references to adversarial and competitive goal in political speeches throughout U.S. history.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Nair, Anish
Literary Evidence for the Cultural Development of a Theory of Mind Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), Boston, MA, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_literary_2003,
title = {Literary Evidence for the Cultural Development of a Theory of Mind},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Anish Nair},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Literary%20Evidence%20for%20the%20Cultural%20Development%20of%20a%20Theory%20of%20Mind.PDF},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-07-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci)},
address = {Boston, MA},
abstract = {The term Theory of Mind is used within the cognitive sciences to refer to the abilities that people have to reason about their own mental states and the mental states of others. An important question is whether these abilities are culturally acquired or innate to our species. This paper outlines the argument that the mental models that serve as the basis for Theory of Mind abilities are the product of cultural development. To support this thesis, we present evidence gathered from the large-scale automated analysis of text corpora. We show that the Freudian conception of a subconscious desire is a relatively modern addition to our culturally shared Theory of Mind, as evidenced by a shift in the way these ideas appeared in 19th and 20th century English language novels.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The term Theory of Mind is used within the cognitive sciences to refer to the abilities that people have to reason about their own mental states and the mental states of others. An important question is whether these abilities are culturally acquired or innate to our species. This paper outlines the argument that the mental models that serve as the basis for Theory of Mind abilities are the product of cultural development. To support this thesis, we present evidence gathered from the large-scale automated analysis of text corpora. We show that the Freudian conception of a subconscious desire is a relatively modern addition to our culturally shared Theory of Mind, as evidenced by a shift in the way these ideas appeared in 19th and 20th century English language novels.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Iuppa, Nicholas
Experience Management Using Storyline Adaptation Strategies Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technologies for Digital Storytelling and Entertainment, Darmstadt, Germany, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_experience_2003,
title = {Experience Management Using Storyline Adaptation Strategies},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Nicholas Iuppa},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Experience%20Management%20Using%20Storyline%20Adaptation%20Strategies.PDF},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-03-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technologies for Digital Storytelling and Entertainment},
address = {Darmstadt, Germany},
abstract = {The central problem of creating interactive drama is structuring a media experience for participants such that a good story is presented while enabling a high degree of meaningful interactivity. This paper presents a new approach to interactive drama, where pre-authored storylines are made interactive by adapting them at run-time by applying strategies that react to unexpected user behavior. The approach, called Experience Management, relies heavily on the explication of a broad range of adaptation strategies and a means of selecting which strategy is most appropriate given a particular story context. We describe a formal approach to storyline representation to enable the selection of applicable strategies, and a strategy formalization that allows for storyline modification. Finally, we discuss the application of this approach in the context of a story-based training system for military leadership skills, and the direction for continuing research.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The central problem of creating interactive drama is structuring a media experience for participants such that a good story is presented while enabling a high degree of meaningful interactivity. This paper presents a new approach to interactive drama, where pre-authored storylines are made interactive by adapting them at run-time by applying strategies that react to unexpected user behavior. The approach, called Experience Management, relies heavily on the explication of a broad range of adaptation strategies and a means of selecting which strategy is most appropriate given a particular story context. We describe a formal approach to storyline representation to enable the selection of applicable strategies, and a strategy formalization that allows for storyline modification. Finally, we discuss the application of this approach in the context of a story-based training system for military leadership skills, and the direction for continuing research.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Hobbs, Jerry R.
Coverage and Competency in Formal Theories: A Commonsense Theory of Memory Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2003 AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Stanford University, 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_coverage_2003,
title = {Coverage and Competency in Formal Theories: A Commonsense Theory of Memory},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Jerry R. Hobbs},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Coverage%20and%20Competency%20in%20Formal%20Theories-%20A%20Commonsense%20Theory%20of%20Memory.PDF},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-03-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2003 AAAI Spring Symposium on Logical Formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning},
address = {Stanford University},
abstract = {The utility of formal theories of commonsense reasoning will depend both on their competency in solving problems and on their concemptual coverage. We argue that the problems of coverage and competency can be decoupled and solved with different methods for a given commonsense domain. We describe a methodology for identifying the coverage requirements of theories through the large-sclae analysis of planning strategies, with further refinements made by collecting and categorizing instances of natural language expressions pertaining to the domain. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology in identifying the representational coverage requirements of theories of the commonsense psychology of human memory. We then apply traditional methods of formalization to produce a formal first-order theory of commonsense memory with a high degree of competency and coverage.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The utility of formal theories of commonsense reasoning will depend both on their competency in solving problems and on their concemptual coverage. We argue that the problems of coverage and competency can be decoupled and solved with different methods for a given commonsense domain. We describe a methodology for identifying the coverage requirements of theories through the large-sclae analysis of planning strategies, with further refinements made by collecting and categorizing instances of natural language expressions pertaining to the domain. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology in identifying the representational coverage requirements of theories of the commonsense psychology of human memory. We then apply traditional methods of formalization to produce a formal first-order theory of commonsense memory with a high degree of competency and coverage.
2002
Gordon, Andrew S.
The Theory of Mind in Strategy Representations Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, George Mason University, 2002.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_theory_2002,
title = {The Theory of Mind in Strategy Representations},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/The%20Theory%20of%20Mind%20in%20Strategy%20Representations.PDF},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-08-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci)},
publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
address = {George Mason University},
abstract = {Many scientific fields continue to explore cognition related to Theory of Mind abilities, where people reason about the mental states of themselves and others. Experimental and theoretical approaches to this problem have largely avoided issues concerning the contents of representations employed in this class of reasoning. In this paper, we describe a new approach to the investigation of representations related to Theory of Mind abilities that is based on the analysis of commonsense strategies. We argue that because the mental representations of strategies must include concepts of mental states and processes, the large-scale analysis of strategies can be informative of the representational scope of Theory of Mind abilities. The results of an analysis of this sort are presented as a description of thirty representational areas that organize the breadth of Theory of Mind concepts. Implications for Theory Theories and Simulation Theories of Theory of Mind reasoning are discussed.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Many scientific fields continue to explore cognition related to Theory of Mind abilities, where people reason about the mental states of themselves and others. Experimental and theoretical approaches to this problem have largely avoided issues concerning the contents of representations employed in this class of reasoning. In this paper, we describe a new approach to the investigation of representations related to Theory of Mind abilities that is based on the analysis of commonsense strategies. We argue that because the mental representations of strategies must include concepts of mental states and processes, the large-scale analysis of strategies can be informative of the representational scope of Theory of Mind abilities. The results of an analysis of this sort are presented as a description of thirty representational areas that organize the breadth of Theory of Mind concepts. Implications for Theory Theories and Simulation Theories of Theory of Mind reasoning are discussed.
Gordon, Andrew S.; Lent, Michael
Virtual Humans as Participants vs. Virtual Humans as Actors Proceedings Article
In: AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment, Stanford University, 2002.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_virtual_2002,
title = {Virtual Humans as Participants vs. Virtual Humans as Actors},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon and Michael Lent},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Virtual%20Humans%20as%20Participants%20vs%20Virtual%20Humans%20as%20Actors.PDF},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-03-01},
booktitle = {AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment},
address = {Stanford University},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Gordon, Andrew S.
Enabling and recognizing strategic play in strategy games: Lessons from Sun Tzu Proceedings Article
In: The 2002 AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment, Stanford University, 2002.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@inproceedings{gordon_enabling_2002,
title = {Enabling and recognizing strategic play in strategy games: Lessons from Sun Tzu},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Enabling%20and%20recognizing%20strategic%20play%20in%20strategy%20games-%20Lessons%20from%20Sun%20Tzu.PDF},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-03-01},
booktitle = {The 2002 AAAI Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Entertainment},
address = {Stanford University},
abstract = {The interactive entertainment genre of the strategy game entertains users by allowing them to engage in strategic play, which should encourage game designers to devote development efforts toward facilitating users that wish to employ commonsense strategies, and to recognize and react to specific user strategies during game play. This paper attempts to facilitate these development efforts by identifying and analyzing 43 strategies from Sun Tzu's The Art of War, which are broadly applicable across games in the strategy game genre. For each strategy, a set of specific actions are identified that should be provided to users to enable their execution, along with generalized recognition rules that can facilitatethe design of entertaining responses to users' strategic behavior. Consideration of how the enabling actions could be incorporated into an existing strategy game is provided.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The interactive entertainment genre of the strategy game entertains users by allowing them to engage in strategic play, which should encourage game designers to devote development efforts toward facilitating users that wish to employ commonsense strategies, and to recognize and react to specific user strategies during game play. This paper attempts to facilitate these development efforts by identifying and analyzing 43 strategies from Sun Tzu's The Art of War, which are broadly applicable across games in the strategy game genre. For each strategy, a set of specific actions are identified that should be provided to users to enable their execution, along with generalized recognition rules that can facilitatethe design of entertaining responses to users' strategic behavior. Consideration of how the enabling actions could be incorporated into an existing strategy game is provided.
2001
Gordon, Andrew S.
Browsing Image Collections with Representations of Commonsense Activities Journal Article
In: Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 925–929, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: The Narrative Group
@article{gordon_browsing_2001,
title = {Browsing Image Collections with Representations of Commonsense Activities},
author = {Andrew S. Gordon},
url = {http://ict.usc.edu/pubs/Browsing%20Image%20Collections%20with%20Representations%20of%20Commonsense%20Activities.PDF},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
volume = {52},
number = {11},
pages = {925–929},
abstract = {To support browsing-based subject access to image collections, it is necessary to provide users with networks of subject terms that are organized in an intuitive, richly interconnected manner. A principled approach to this task is to organize the subject terms by their relationship to activity contexts that are commonly understood among users. This article describes a methodology for creating networks of subject terms by manually representing a large number of common-sense activities that are broadly related to image subject terms. The application of this methodology to the Library of Congress Thesaurus for Graphic Materials produced 768 representations that supported users of a prototype browsing-based retrieval system in searching large, indexed photograph collections.},
keywords = {The Narrative Group},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
To support browsing-based subject access to image collections, it is necessary to provide users with networks of subject terms that are organized in an intuitive, richly interconnected manner. A principled approach to this task is to organize the subject terms by their relationship to activity contexts that are commonly understood among users. This article describes a methodology for creating networks of subject terms by manually representing a large number of common-sense activities that are broadly related to image subject terms. The application of this methodology to the Library of Congress Thesaurus for Graphic Materials produced 768 representations that supported users of a prototype browsing-based retrieval system in searching large, indexed photograph collections.